- •Three main periods in the history of the English language.
- •2. The Anglo-Saxon invasion and its influence on the development of the English language.
- •3. The Norman Conquest of England and the Norman-French element in the English vocabulary
- •4. The problem of gender in the English language
- •5. The grammatical category of case in English.
- •6. Basic semantic types of the Genitive case in the English language
- •7. The grammatical category of number in the system of the English language
- •8. The grammatical categories of tense and aspect in English
- •9. The grammatical category of voice in English
- •10. The grammatical category of mood in English
- •11. The classification of the simple sentences according to the purpose of utterance in English
- •12. The classification of the simple sentences according to the structure
- •13. The compound sentence and types of coordination
- •14. The complex sentence and types of subordinate clauses
- •15. Фонетика як наука та її галузі. Фонетика і фонологія (Phonetics as a science and its branches. Phonetics and phonology)
- •16. Використання мови в усній вербальній комунікації (Language use in oral verbal communication)
- •17. Вимова як один із шляхів матеріалізації усної форми мови (Pronunciation as a way of materializing of oral form of language)
- •18. Просодія як один із найважливіших явищ в англійській мові (Prosody as one of the most important phenomena in the English language).
- •19. Порівняльна характеристика одиниць мови та мовлення (Units of language as compared with /vs/ speech).
- •20. Головні варіанти вимови англійської мови (Major accents of English)
- •21. Класифікація голосних в англійській мові за артикуляцією (The articulatory classification of the English vowels).
- •22. Класифікація приголосних в англійській мові за артикуляцією (The articulatory classification of the English consonants).
- •23. Асиміляція як універсальна характерна ознака розмовної мови. Типи асиміляції за ступенем (Assimilation as a universal feature of spoken language. Types of assimilation according to the degree).
- •24. Типи асиміляції за позицією у слові (Types of assimilation according to the position in a word)
- •25. Склад як невід’ємна частина слова (The syllable as an integral part of the word).
- •26. Типи складів в англійській мові за розміщенням голосних і приголосних (Types of the syllables in English according to the placement of vowels and consonants)
- •27. Типи складів в англійській мові за положенням у слові (Types of the syllables in English according to the position in a word)
- •28. Природа словесного наголосу в англійській мові (The nature of English word stress)
- •29. Типи словесного наголосу в англійській мові (Types of English word stress)
- •30. Функції словесного наголосу в англійській мові (English word stress functions).
- •31. Onomatopoeia as one of the phonetic expressive means
- •32. The synonymous phenomenon in the English language
- •33. The antonymous phenomenon in the English language
- •34. The traditional classification of homonyms in English
- •35. Contraction as one of the ways of shortening
- •36. Abbreviation as one of the means of word formation in English
- •37. Conversion as one of the means of affixless derivation
- •38. Alliteration and assonance as expressive phonetic stylistic devices
20. Головні варіанти вимови англійської мови (Major accents of English)
British phonologists P. Trudgill, J. Hannah, A. Hughes divide all variants of English into two major groups. They are: English-based group and American-based group.
1) the English-based group comprises English-English, Welsh English, Scottish English, Northern Ireland English, Australian English, New Zealand English.
2) the American-based group covers American English and Canadian English.
English English includes two major accents: Southern English and Northern English.
Thus, there are five major accents on the British Isles. They are:
1. Southern English or Received Pronunciation (RP)/BBC English.
2. Northern English.
3. Welsh English.
4. Scottish English.
5. Northern Ireland English.
RP/BBC English implicitly enjoys the status of the national standard of pronunciation in the United Kingdom.
In American English, three main types of literary/cultivated pronunciation are distinguished:
1. General American (GenAm, GA)/Network English which is also known as Western American. 2. Eastern American.
3. Southern American.
GenAm/Network English enjoys the status of the national standard of pronunciation in the USA.
New varieties of English or New Englishes have emerged as the result of the colonial experience: Indian English, Hong Kong English, Singaporean English, West African English, etc.
21. Класифікація голосних в англійській мові за артикуляцією (The articulatory classification of the English vowels).
The system of the English vowels was investigated by well-known British, Russian and Ukrainian phoneticians such as: Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, V. A Vassilyev, Shcherba and others.
The articulatory classification of the English vowels can be described according to the following criteria: 1. Stability of articulation; 2. Tongue position; 3. Lip position; 4. Character of the vowel end; 5. Length; 6. Tenseness.
According to the stability of articulation we distinguish: monophthongs (12- i:, u:, a:, ↄ:, 3:, I, e, æ, ↄ, Λ, υ, ə); diphthongs (8 - Iə, ə, υə, eI, αI, ↄI, əυ, αυ) and thriphthongs (5 - eIə, αIə, ↄIə, əυə, αυə).
According to the length of articulation we distinguish: long vowels (i:, u:, a:, ↄ:, 3:) and short vowels (I, e, æ, ↄ, Λ, υ, ə).
According to the degree of muscular tension we distinguish: tense vowels (i:, u:, a:, ↄ:, 3: ) and lax vowels (I, e, æ, ↄ, Λ, υ, ə).
According to the lip participation we distinguish: rounded (labialized) vowels (u:, υ, a:, ↄ: ) and unrounded (non-labialized) vowels (I, e, æ, Λ, υ, ə, i:, a:, 3: ).
According to the vertical movement of the tongue we distinguish: high, mid and low vowels of narrow or broad variety (i:, u: - high/narrow variety, I, υ - high/broad variety; e, 3: - mid/narrow variety, ə, Λ - mid/broad variety; ↄ - low/narrow variety, æ, ↄ: a: - low/broad variety.
According to the horizontal movement of the tongue we distinguish: fully front – i:, e; front retracted – I, æ; central - 3:, ə, Λ; back advanced – υ; fully back vowels – u:, ↄ, ↄ:, a: