- •Three main periods in the history of the English language.
- •2. The Anglo-Saxon invasion and its influence on the development of the English language.
- •3. The Norman Conquest of England and the Norman-French element in the English vocabulary
- •4. The problem of gender in the English language
- •5. The grammatical category of case in English.
- •6. Basic semantic types of the Genitive case in the English language
- •7. The grammatical category of number in the system of the English language
- •8. The grammatical categories of tense and aspect in English
- •9. The grammatical category of voice in English
- •10. The grammatical category of mood in English
- •11. The classification of the simple sentences according to the purpose of utterance in English
- •12. The classification of the simple sentences according to the structure
- •13. The compound sentence and types of coordination
- •14. The complex sentence and types of subordinate clauses
- •15. Фонетика як наука та її галузі. Фонетика і фонологія (Phonetics as a science and its branches. Phonetics and phonology)
- •16. Використання мови в усній вербальній комунікації (Language use in oral verbal communication)
- •17. Вимова як один із шляхів матеріалізації усної форми мови (Pronunciation as a way of materializing of oral form of language)
- •18. Просодія як один із найважливіших явищ в англійській мові (Prosody as one of the most important phenomena in the English language).
- •19. Порівняльна характеристика одиниць мови та мовлення (Units of language as compared with /vs/ speech).
- •20. Головні варіанти вимови англійської мови (Major accents of English)
- •21. Класифікація голосних в англійській мові за артикуляцією (The articulatory classification of the English vowels).
- •22. Класифікація приголосних в англійській мові за артикуляцією (The articulatory classification of the English consonants).
- •23. Асиміляція як універсальна характерна ознака розмовної мови. Типи асиміляції за ступенем (Assimilation as a universal feature of spoken language. Types of assimilation according to the degree).
- •24. Типи асиміляції за позицією у слові (Types of assimilation according to the position in a word)
- •25. Склад як невід’ємна частина слова (The syllable as an integral part of the word).
- •26. Типи складів в англійській мові за розміщенням голосних і приголосних (Types of the syllables in English according to the placement of vowels and consonants)
- •27. Типи складів в англійській мові за положенням у слові (Types of the syllables in English according to the position in a word)
- •28. Природа словесного наголосу в англійській мові (The nature of English word stress)
- •29. Типи словесного наголосу в англійській мові (Types of English word stress)
- •30. Функції словесного наголосу в англійській мові (English word stress functions).
- •31. Onomatopoeia as one of the phonetic expressive means
- •32. The synonymous phenomenon in the English language
- •33. The antonymous phenomenon in the English language
- •34. The traditional classification of homonyms in English
- •35. Contraction as one of the ways of shortening
- •36. Abbreviation as one of the means of word formation in English
- •37. Conversion as one of the means of affixless derivation
- •38. Alliteration and assonance as expressive phonetic stylistic devices
29. Типи словесного наголосу в англійській мові (Types of English word stress)
І). Types of English word stress according to its degree. One of the ways of differentiating the prominence of syllables is the degree of stress. British, Russian and Ukrainian phoneticians such as Danial Jones, Richard Kingdon, Vassilyev, Shcherba and others consider that there are three degrees of word-stress in Eng1ish They are: primary, secondary and weak.
Primary degree is the strongest one, e.g.: ˏde-le-ˊga-ti-on;
Secondary degree is the second strongest one or partial, e.g.: ˏde-le-ˊga-ti-on;
Weak degree – all the other degrees, e.g.: ˏde-le-ˊga-ti-on.
The syllables having either primary or secondary stress are termed stressed. The syllables with weak stress are called unstressed.
The stress in a word may be on the last syllable, it is called the ult; on the next-to-last (the second from the end), it is called the penult; on the third syllable from the end, it is called the antepenult.
2.) Types of English word stress according to its position. Languages of the world which make a linguistic use of stress fall into one of the two types. They are: fixed lexical stress and free lexical stress.
1) Fixed lexical stress is locating the word-stress predominantly on a given syllabic location in the word.
2) Free lexical stress is allowing much more freedom for placement the stress.
The languages with fixed lexical stress are: Tatar, French, Finnish, Czech, Polish, etc.
The languages with free lexical stress are: Dutch, English, Greek, Italian, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian, Spanish, Swedish, etc.
On the first |
On the second |
On the third |
On the fourth, etc. |
׳mother 'озеро |
o'ccasion noгóда |
employ 'ее мoлoкó |
exami ׳nation кoмyнiка́цiя |
30. Функції словесного наголосу в англійській мові (English word stress functions).
Word stress in a language performs the following functions:
1. The CONSTITUTIVE function: it organizes the syllables of a word into a language unit having a definite accentual structure. The word does not exist as a lexical unit without word stress. E.g.: ˏde-le-ˊga-ti-on;
2. The IDENTIFICATORY function: correct lexical stress enables the listener to decode the information in verbal communication adequately. Misplaced word stresses prevent understanding. E.g.: preˊpare but not ˊprepare
3 The DISTINCTIVE/CONTRASTIVE function: word stress is capable to differentiate the meanings of words or their forms. There are lots of pairs of words of identical spelling in English which can be either as nouns or as verbs, e.g.: 'import (noun) -im'port (verb), 'insult (noun) –in'sult (verb).
31. Onomatopoeia as one of the phonetic expressive means
Onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds which aims at imitating natural sounds: wind wailing, sea murmuring, rustling of leaves, bursts of thunder. Words which represent this figure of speech have sound similarity with the things they describe: buzz, roar bang, hiss, sizzle, twitter, pop, swish, burble, cuckoo, splash. Animal calls and sounds of insects are made by onomatopoeia in all languages. For example, cock-a-doodle-do! is the English representation for a roster’s cry. Interestingly, the Ukrainians and the French represent this imitation as кукуріку and cocorico. It is different from the English variant. Although logic tells us that the roster’s cry is the same across the world. It means that onomatopoeia is not an exact reproduction of natural sounds but a subjective phenomenon.
Onomatopoeia is used for emphasis or stylistic effect. It is extensively featured in children’s rhymes and poetry.