- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •Удк 802 ббк 81.2 англ.
- •Introduction welcome to the course of special english for the future specialists in the field of civil engineering!
- •Contents
- •Supplementary Texts for Discussion:the system of education in great britain and america
- •R e a d I n g Key terms
- •1. Study key words and their definitions before reading Text a:
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •3. Make up all possible questions:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the texts:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •2. Analyze the details:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •3. Make up sentences using the given words:
- •3.1. Translate two abstracts in a written form.
- •1. Agree or disagree with the statements using the following
- •2. Discuss the information about:
- •In pairs ask and answer questions about:
- •R e a d I n g
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •3. Answer the questions using the key terms and their definitions:
- •International words
- •1. Read and give Ukrainian equivalents:
- •1. Match English and Ukrainian equivalents :
- •2. Choose the phrases in the Text a to complete the following sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions to Text a:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the texts:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •W r I t I n g
- •1. Agree or disagree with the statements using the phrases given in brackets: indeed, of course, certainly, that goes without saying
- •2. Discuss the information about:
- •3. Make an overview of the issues:
- •1. You are a participant of the conference “Role of a transport engineer in modern city”. Be ready to take part in the discussion. Use the information given below as a guide:
- •3. Make a presentation of the profession of environmental engineer, which is crucial for the present and future well-being of the planet.
- •R e a d I n g
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the text:
- •2. Choose the phrases in Text a to complete the following
- •3. Make up all possible questions:
- •4. Answer the questions to Text a:
- •1. Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •2. Analyze the details:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •3. Make up sentences using the given words:
- •3.1. Translate two abstracts in a written form.
- •4. In pairs ask and answer questions about:
- •Specialized Roles of Computers
- •1. Learn the meaning of these terms and use them when discussing the topic.
- •2.Learn the following words and phrases and use them when discussing the topic.
- •3.Learn the following English-Ukrainian topical glossary to understand the text and discuss the topic.
- •Give /conduct examination Проводити (приймати) екзамен
- •I. Read, translate and discuss the text
- •2. Match the following words with their respective definitions:
- •3. Look through again and answer the following comprehensive questions:
- •4. Complete the following sentences, selecting words from the list given below:
- •5. Look through the text again and render it in English.
- •6. Prepare a short presentation about:
- •Text 2. The British Universities
- •1.Read and discuss text 2
- •Text 3. A National Institution with International Perspectives
- •1.Read and discuss text 3
- •2. What did you know from the text about:
- •8. Using the above conversational phrases and English-Ukrainian glossary discuss the following topics:
- •9. Begin your questions with phrases like:
- •10. Read and learn the following interview and make up a similar interview of an English student about university education in Ukraine.
- •Text b College Life in England
- •The Open University
- •R e f e r e n c e s
- •English for civil engineers
2. Match these terms with their definitions:
1. Profession a. the actual work of building a project
2. Construction b. building or any complex whole; framework
3. To design c. system of providing and storing water
4. Water supply d. occupation that requires specialized education at the university level
5. Structure e. house or other structure
6. Building f. to work out the plan for some kind of work
3. Answer the questions, using key words and their definitions:
1. How is engineering often defined?
What is an engineer?
What is sanitary engineering?
How is civil engineering subdivided?
What does the word “construction” define?
6. What are the constituent parts of water supply?
International words
1. Read and give Ukrainian equivalents:
Profession, engineering, civil, civilization, modern standards, canal,
sanitation system, stationary, design, construction, tunnel, transportation,
airport, project, protection, hydraulic, speciality, qualification, coordinate
2. Give English equivalents:
Проектування, професія, стаціонарний, цивільний, інженер, стандарт,
транспортування, санітарна техніка, гідравлика, координувати, проект
Text A.
Read, translate and be ready to do the tasks after the text:
Civil Engineering Profession (1)
Engineering is often defined as the practical application of theoretical sciences, such as physics or chemistry, for the benefit of mankind. Many of the early branches of engineering, however, were based not on science but on empirical information, that is information that depended on observation and experience rather than theoretical knowledge. Many of the structures that have survived from ancient times, such as the aqueducts of Rome, exist because they were built with greater strength than modern standards require. But at least the Roman engineers were sure that their buildings would last for a long time. Probably the oldest text in engineering is the work of a Roman architect and engineer named Vitruvius Pollio, who wrote a book in the first century B.C. about the engineering practices of his day. Many of the problems encountered by Vitruvius Pollio were similar to those that modern engineers still must confront.
The term civil engineering originally came into use to distinguish it from military engineering. Civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for civilian use, whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military one. An example of the latter is the bridge built across the Rhine in 55 B.C. that is described in Julius Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War. A more appropriate definition of civil engineering is that it deals with the design and construction of objects that are intended to be stationary. In practice, this definition includes buildings and houses, dams, tunnels, bridges, canals, sanitation systems, and the stationary parts of transportation systems – highways, airports, port facilities, and roadbeds for railroads.
Civil engineering offers a particular challenge because almost every structure or system that is designed and built by civil engineers is unique. One structure rarely duplicates another exactly. Even when structures seem to be identical, site requirements or other factors generally result in modifications. Large structures like dams, bridges, or tunnels may differ substantially from previous structures. The civil engineer must therefore always be ready and willing to meet new challenges.
Within the field of civil engineering itself, there are subdivisions: structural engineering, which deals with permanent structures; hydraulic engineering, which is concerned with systems involving the flow and control of water or other fluids; and sanitary or environmental engineering, which involves the study of water supply, purification, and sewer systems. Obviously, many of these specialities overlap. A water supply system, for example, may involve dams, and other structures as well as the flow and storage of water.
Many different kinds of engineers often work on large projects, such as space exploration or nuclear-power development. In the space programme, for instance, the launching pads and the rockets assembly and storage building at Cape Canaveral, Florida – the largest such structure in the world – are primarily the work of civil engineers. In a nuclear power plant, civil engineers are responsible for the design and construction of the plant itself, as well as the protective shielding around the nuclear reactor. In both these cases, however, the civil engineers work with specialists in aerospace, nuclear, and electrical engineering. In projects of this kind, the engineer is a member of a team that is often headed by a systems engineer who coordinates the contributions of all members of the team. Because teamwork is necessary in so many engineering projects nowadays, an important qualification for engineers is the ability to work successfully with other people.
The result of the increase in scientific knowledge is that engineering has grown into a profession. A profession is an occupation like law, medicine, or engineering that requires specialized, advanced education; indeed, they are often called the "learned profession". Until the nineteenth century, engineers generally were craftsmen or project organizers who learned their skills through apprenticeship, on-the-job training, or trial and error. Nowadays, many engineers spend years studying at universities for advanced degrees. Yet even those engineers who do not study for advanced degrees must be aware of changes in their field and those related to it. A civil engineer who does not know about new materials that have become available cannot compete successfully with one who does.
Words and phrases to be remembered:
theoretical knowledge - теоретичне знання
aqueduct – акведук (міст-водовід)
modern standards – сучасні стандарти
require – вимагати
to distinguish … from – розрізняти між чимось
definition – визначення
civilian use – цивільне використання
duplicate – дублювати
to meet challenges – прийняти виклик
subdivision – підрозділ
nuclear power plant – атомна електростанція
to be responsible for smth – бути відповідальним за що-небудь
protective shielding – захисний екран
apprenticeship – навчання ремеслу
trial and error – метод спроб і помилок
study for advanced degrees – отримувати вчені ступені
Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
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a. науковий
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Choose the phrases in the text to complete the following sentences:
Engineering is often defined as …
Empirical information is the information …
Aqueducts of Rome exist because …
The Roman engineers were sure that …
Almost every structure or … is unique.
An important qualification for engineers is …