- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •Удк 802 ббк 81.2 англ.
- •Introduction welcome to the course of special english for the future specialists in the field of civil engineering!
- •Contents
- •Supplementary Texts for Discussion:the system of education in great britain and america
- •R e a d I n g Key terms
- •1. Study key words and their definitions before reading Text a:
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •3. Make up all possible questions:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the texts:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •2. Analyze the details:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •3. Make up sentences using the given words:
- •3.1. Translate two abstracts in a written form.
- •1. Agree or disagree with the statements using the following
- •2. Discuss the information about:
- •In pairs ask and answer questions about:
- •R e a d I n g
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •3. Answer the questions using the key terms and their definitions:
- •International words
- •1. Read and give Ukrainian equivalents:
- •1. Match English and Ukrainian equivalents :
- •2. Choose the phrases in the Text a to complete the following sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions to Text a:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the texts:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •W r I t I n g
- •1. Agree or disagree with the statements using the phrases given in brackets: indeed, of course, certainly, that goes without saying
- •2. Discuss the information about:
- •3. Make an overview of the issues:
- •1. You are a participant of the conference “Role of a transport engineer in modern city”. Be ready to take part in the discussion. Use the information given below as a guide:
- •3. Make a presentation of the profession of environmental engineer, which is crucial for the present and future well-being of the planet.
- •R e a d I n g
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the text:
- •2. Choose the phrases in Text a to complete the following
- •3. Make up all possible questions:
- •4. Answer the questions to Text a:
- •1. Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •2. Analyze the details:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •3. Make up sentences using the given words:
- •3.1. Translate two abstracts in a written form.
- •4. In pairs ask and answer questions about:
- •Specialized Roles of Computers
- •1. Learn the meaning of these terms and use them when discussing the topic.
- •2.Learn the following words and phrases and use them when discussing the topic.
- •3.Learn the following English-Ukrainian topical glossary to understand the text and discuss the topic.
- •Give /conduct examination Проводити (приймати) екзамен
- •I. Read, translate and discuss the text
- •2. Match the following words with their respective definitions:
- •3. Look through again and answer the following comprehensive questions:
- •4. Complete the following sentences, selecting words from the list given below:
- •5. Look through the text again and render it in English.
- •6. Prepare a short presentation about:
- •Text 2. The British Universities
- •1.Read and discuss text 2
- •Text 3. A National Institution with International Perspectives
- •1.Read and discuss text 3
- •2. What did you know from the text about:
- •8. Using the above conversational phrases and English-Ukrainian glossary discuss the following topics:
- •9. Begin your questions with phrases like:
- •10. Read and learn the following interview and make up a similar interview of an English student about university education in Ukraine.
- •Text b College Life in England
- •The Open University
- •R e f e r e n c e s
- •English for civil engineers
2. Analyze the details:
a. Complete the following sentences:
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b. Summarize the information of computers and fill in the table:
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The main parts of computers
Peripheral parts of
computers
c. Find in the Texts and read information about:
The device that can receive a set of information
The basic idea of a computer
The application of a computer
The dates of invention of different computer generations
A programming language
The first higher-level computer language
The advantages of each generation of computers
d. Match each component with its functions:
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Component |
Function |
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e. Summarize the information about the use of computers nowadays.
Text C.
Text for individual work: read, translate and be ready to do the
tasks after the text.
Three Types of Computers
There are three types of computers: digital, analog and hybrid. They differ from one another in terms of operating principles, equipment design and application.
The analog computer operates on data represented by continuously varying qualities. The following principal units make up an analog computer: a calculating device, a controlling device, a generator, a plug board, an output device. Capable of solving ordinary differential equations, the analog computer is well suited for use in systems engineering. Another common application is the analysis of networks, such as those for electric-power distribution. This type of computers is widely used in automation. Although common in engineering since the 1920s analog computers are not general-purpose computers
The whole class of analog computers may be simply divided into differential analyzers and simulators. A differential analyzer is a device for solving differential equations. A simulator is an electrical or electro-mechanical model of a dynamic system so designed that measurement on the model gives useful information about the system. The analog computer is designed to process data in which the variable quantities vary continuously. Because of this feature analog computers were especially useful in the simulation and evaluation of dynamic situations such as the flight of a space capsule or the changing weather patterns over a certain area.
Unlike the analog computer the digital computer works with data as the digits of the binary code. It counts, lists, compares, and rearranges these binary digits or bits of data in accordance with very detailed program instructions stored within its memory.
Modern digital computers are made up of the following components: a central processing unit (CPU), input devices, memory storage device, output devices, a communication network, called a “bus” that links all the elements of the system and connects the system to the external word.
Digital computers can be programmed to perform electronic data processing. They are widely used in the solution of the problems of science, engineering, business. This use is based on their ability to operate at a great speed, to produce accurate results, to store large quantities of information and to carry out a long sequence of operations without human intervention.
The hybrid computer combines the characteristics and advantages of analog and digital systems; it offers greater precision than the former and more control capability than the latter. Equipped with special conversion devices it utilizes both analog and discrete representation of data.
Words to be remembered:
application – застосування
analog computer – аналоговий комп’ютер
differential equation – диференціальне рівняння
network – мережа
distribution – розподіл
digital computer – цифровий комп`ютер
to rearrange – переставляти
external world – зовнішній світ