2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1) environmental protection; 6) social equity;

2) environmental limits; 7) natural building;

3) economic diversity; 8) pollution reduction;

4) economic output; 9) new possibilities;

5) quantity of goods; 10) conservation of nature.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1) принимать во внимание; 6) промышленные страны;

2) природные ресурсы; 7) городские проблемы;

3) ключевые элементы; 8) местные ресурсы;

4) непрерывное развитие; 9) источники энергии;

5) качество жизни; 10) активное участие.

4. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык.

1) protect; 6) time;

2) consider; 7) construct;

3) manage; 8) conserve;

4) diverse; 9) friend;

5) nature; 10) aware.

5. Задайте к выделенному в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: числительные, времена групп Continuous и Perfect активного и пассивного залога; согласование времен; функции глаголов to be, to have; усилительные конструкции; неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные:

1. Efficiency has meanings beyond maximizing the economic output of each human being.

2. Natural building has emerged as a response to an increasing concern for our built environment.

3. Natural materials can provide an alternative to toxic substances which have led to widespread environmental illness.

4. While interest has surged in the industrialized West, the ancient roots of natural building are being lost in many traditional areas.

5. Ironically, builders in the industrialized countries are now turning to these very cultures for solutions to their building problems.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What principles must urban management incorporate?

2. What key elements are to be considered in urban planning?

3. What should replace quality of goods?

4. What alternative can natural materials provide?

5. What are the most popular natural building techniques and materials?

6. What does bio-architecture promote?

7. How do you understand the word “Biopolis”?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2-3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10-15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

ВАРИАНТ 13

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Wood

Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire- and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the strength of the cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness.

Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following – it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.

Wood products. Wood used for construction purposes is usually changed into laminated wood or wood panel products. Large structural wooden members are produced by glueing small strips of wood together.

Wood in panel form is more advantageous for many building purposes than boards. Why is it so? First of all, because wood panels are much easier to install than boards. They require much less labour for the process of installation. Besides, swelling and splitting in panels are greatly decreased compared with boards. As to plywood panels, they are made up of thin wooden veneers glued together. It is of great importance to note that when wooden structures are designed the future stresses of their structural members must be predetermined.

Timber. Timber is wood, suitable for building and structural purposes.

Timber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient times and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. To these belong its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere. One more advantage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays; especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and workability of the material and, of course, its durability.

What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. There are over 4000 woods in common use throughout the world. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and paneling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds of woodwork. The best and most commonly used softwoods popular for structural work in many countries are redwood, whitewood, pine, red cedar, sequoia, beech and some others. As to the hardwoods, the best known ones include beech, birch, blackwood, chestnut, elm, mahogany, maple, myrtle, oak, rosewood, walnut and some others.