praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

222

Bgl_]jZlhj W=>:-9/60 khklhbl ba iblZxs_c p_ib (bklhqgbd lhdZ, ihgb`Zxsbc ljZgknhjfZlhj, \uijyfbl_ev) b baf_jbl_evghc p_ib (^_ebl_ev gZijy`_gby 5 beb ]jZ^mbjh\Zgguc ihl_gpbhf_lj, bg^bdZlhj-]Zev\Zghf_lj 6, b]eZ-smi 7 b fh^_ev bkke_^m_fhc h[eZklb nbevljZpbb 2, \uiheg_ggmx ba we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b).

Jbk. 21. 2

>ey hkms_kl\e_gby fhklh\hc baf_jbl_evghc ko_fu d ^_ebl_ex gZijy`_gby 5 iZjZee_evgh ih^kh_^bgyxl fh^_ev 2, Z ih^\b`ghc dhglZdl K ^_ebl_ey gZijy`_gby q_j_a bg^bdZlhj-]Zev\Zghf_lj 6 b b]em-smi 7 kh_^bgyxl k fh^_evx. < lhqd_ : fhklZ khijhlb\e_gbc we_dljbq_kdbc lhd jZa^_ey_lky gZ ^\_ \_l\b, koh^ysb_ky \ lhqd_ <. ?keb b]em-smi mklZgh\blv \ lhqd_ D fh^_eb k ihl_gpbZehf, jZ\guf ihl_gpbZem gZ ih^\b`ghf dhglZdl_ K ^_ebl_ey gZijy`_gby, lh bg^bdZlhj-]Zev\Zghf_lj 6 ihdZ`_l ghev. AgZy khijhlb\e_gby

R1 b R2 gZ ^_ebl_e_, agZq_gb_ ijb\_^_ggh]h ihl_gpbZeZ \ lhqd_ D gZoh^yl ih nhjfme_

]^_ R – ihegh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ ^_ebl_ey R = R1 + R2.

GZ \oh^ghf b \uoh^ghf mqZkldZo fh^_eb nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ, \ k_q_gbyo dhlhjuo gZihju ihklhyggu, mklZgZ\eb\Zxl rbgu R1 b R2 ^ey khh[s_gby bf we_dljbq_kdbo ihl_gpbZeh\ U1 b U2. LZd dZd U1 • U2 (U1 > U2), lh \ we_dljhijh\h^ys_c fh^_eb \hagbdZ_l we_dljbq_kdbc lhd, ijbq_f we_dljbq_kdbc ihl_gpbZe \ ij_^_eZo fh^_eb iZ^Z_l hl \_ebqbgu U1 ^h \_ebqbgu U2.

IHJY>HD IJH<?>?GBY HIULH<

Ba]hlZ\eb\Z_lky we_dljhijh\h^ysZy fh^_ev bkke_^m_fhc h[eZklb nbevljZpbb (\h^hijhgbpZ_fh]h hkgh\Zgby khhjm`_gby). Ijb wlhf \g_rgb_ ]jZgbpu gZlmju b fh^_eb ^he`gu [ulv ]_hf_ljbq_kdb ih^h[gu b gZ ]jZgbpZo h[eZklb nbevljZpbb gZlmju gZihj b we_dljbq_kdbc ihl_gpbZe fh^_eb ^he`gu [ulv ZgZeh]bqgufb.

>ebgZ fh^_ebjm_fhc h[eZklb iehkdh]h gZihjgh]h nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ ijb g_[hevrhc fhsghklb t \h^hijhgbpZ_fh]h ieZklZ, jbk. 21.3, Z, [, gZagZqZxl ba mkeh\by

]^_ l0 – ^ebgZ ]hjbahglZevghc ijh_dpbb g_ijhgbpZ_fhc qZklb ih^a_fgh]h dhglmjZ khhjm`_gby.

Ijb [hevrhc fhsghklb \h^hijhgbpZ_fh]h ieZklZ (t :’) h[eZklv nbevljZpbb h]jZgbqb\Z_lky ihemhdjm`ghklvx, jbk. 21.3, \,], k p_gljhf \ lhqd_

0,5 l0. JZ^bmk r ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__ 1,5 l0 beb 3S0 (S0 – ^ebgZ \_jlbdZevghc ijh_dpbb ih^a_fgh]h dhglmjZ, \dexqZy b rimgl).

224

?keb g_h[oh^bfh fh^_ebjh\Zlv h[eZklv [_agZihjghc nbevljZpbb, jbk. 21.4, Z, [, lh ^ebgZ

]^_ b – rbjbgZ iehlbgu ih ih^hr\_ ^h gZqZeZ ^j_gZ`Z.

Ijb ]em[hdhf aZe_]Zgbb \h^hmihjZ h[eZklv nbevljZpbb kgbam h]jZgbqb\Z_lky ebgb_c, jZkiheh`_gghc gZ ]em[bg_ t

\ jZkq_l_ ijbgbfZ_lky [hevr__ agZq_gb_ t ba \uqbke_gguo.

225

\)

])

Jbk. 21.3

GZ ebkl_ we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b \ aZ^Zgghf fZkrlZ[_ ]_hf_ljbq_kdh]h ih^h[by \uq_jqb\Zxl, Z aZl_f \uj_aZxl bkke_^m_fmx h[eZklv nbevljZpbb. Ijb wlhf g_ ba]hlZ\eb\Zxl fh^_ev iehsZ^vx f_g__ 200 kf2, lZd dZd gZ fZeuo fh^_eyo j_amevlZlu bkke_^h\Zgby [m^ml oZjZdl_jbah\Zlvky

226

[óevrbfb ih]j_rghklyfb b d lhfm `_ mkeh`gy_lky j_ZebaZpby ]jZgbqguo mkeh\bc.

Jbk. 21.4

Ih ]jZgbqguf ebgbyf jZ\gh]h gZihjZ – ih ih\_joghklb ]jmglh\ \ \_jog_f b gb`g_f [v_nZo, ]^_ ^he`gu [ulv ijbdj_ie_gu khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ rbgu, g_h[oh^bfh hklZ\blv aZiZk [mfZ`gh]h djZy rbjbghc 3-4 ff ^ey ih^dexq_gby rbg. Rimgl fh^_ebjm_lky \ \b^_ \uj_aZ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c ]em[bgu rbjbghc 1…1,5 ff.

=jZgbpu, gZ dhlhjuo [m^ml mklZgZ\eb\Zlvky lhdhih^\h^ysb_ rbgu,

\uq_jqb\Zxlky q_jguf ]jZnblguf dZjZg^Zrhf ^ey memqr_gby dhglZdlZ f_`^m rbgZfb b we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]hc.

227

>ey ba]hlh\e_gby fh^_eb (h^ghjh^ghc ih ijh\h^bfhklb) \u[bjZxl khjlZ [mfZ]b kh kj_^gbf agZq_gb_f khijhlb\e_gby gZ d\Z^jZl R‘ = 400…20000

Hf. Fh^_ev, ba]hlh\e_ggZy ba gbadhhfghc [mfZ]b, fh`_l i_j_]j_\Zlvky.

I_j_^ gZqZehf jZ[hlu gZ mklZgh\d_ W=>: -9/60 g_h[oh^bfh hagZdhfblvky k l_ogbq_kdbf hibkZgb_f ijb[hjZ b bgkljmdpb_c ih wdkiemZlZpbb _]h.

=hlh\Zy fh^_ev ihf_sZ_lky \ jZ[hq_c qZklb kl_g^Z bgl_]jZlhjZ gZ f_klh dZjlhgZ g_kdhevdh [hevr_]h jZaf_jZ, q_f kZfZ fh^_ev. GZ g__ gZdeZ^u\Zxl rbgu b iehlgh ijb`bfZxl aZ`bfZfb. AZ`bfu g_ kjZam aZ`bfZxl ^h dhgpZ, Z ihkl_i_ggh, l._. i_j_oh^y hl h^gh]h aZ`bfZ d ^jm]hfm g_kdhevdh jZa \^hev ^Zgghc rbgu. >Ze__ k ihfhsvx dhffmlZpbhgguo rgmjh\ rbgm \_jog_]h [v_nZ, khhl\_lkl\mxsmx gZihjm G = 100%, b rbgm gb`g_]h [v_nZ (G = 0%) ih^kh_^bgyxl d khhl\_lkl\mxsbf ]g_a^Zf ijb[hjZ W=>:. Smi ih^kh_^bgyxl d ]g_a^m «b]eZ». AZl_f \dexqZxl lmf[e_j «k_lv» b «]Zev\Zghf_lj» b lZdbf h[jZahf rbgZf R1 b R2 khh[sZxl we_dljbq_kdb_ ihl_gpbZeu U1 b U2.

IjbklmiZy d ijh\_^_gbx hiulZ, ij_^\Zjbl_evgh ijh\_jyxl gme_\u_ ihdZaZgby klj_edb ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ ijb aZ^Zgghc jZaghklb ihl_gpbZeh\. >ey wlh]h rdZeu ^_dZ^u b j_hohj^Z klZ\yl \ iheh`_gby «0» ijb \dexq_gbb ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ \ iheh`_gb_ «gbadZy qm\kl\bl_evghklv ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ». B]ehcsmihf ke_]dZ ijbdZkZxlky d rbg_ R2 k ihl_gpbZehf «0%» (G;). ?keb klj_edZ ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ gZ baf_jbl_evghf mkljhckl\_ ijb wlhf g_ hldehgy_lky \ klhjhgm, lh fh`gh \dexqblv \ukhdmx qm\kl\bl_evghklv ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ. Ijb hldehg_gbb klj_edb hl gmey gZ^h kdhfi_gkbjh\Zlv g_khhl\_lkl\b_ ihl_gpbZeZ gmex ieZ\guf \jZs_gb_f \ h^gm beb ^jm]mx klhjhgm jmqdb «J_]meylhj 0%».

Ihke_ ijh\_jdb ihl_gpbZeZ «0%» ijbklmiZxl d ijh\_jd_ ihl_gpbZeZ

«100%» gZ rbg_ R1 (<;). >ey wlh]h rdZem i_j_dexqZl_ey ^_dZ^ klZ\yl gZ ^_e_gb_ «9», Z rdZem j_hohj^Z ^_e_gb_f k pbnjhc «10» - ijhlb\ mdZaZl_ey.

=Zev\Zghf_lj i_j_dexqZ_lky gZ gbadmx qm\kl\bl_evghklv, b]ehc ijbdZkZxlky d rbg_ R1 – 100%. Ihl_gpbZe j_]mebjmxl k ihfhsvx ihl_gpbhf_ljZ

228

«J_]meylhj 100%». AZl_f i_j_oh^yl gZ \ukhdmx qm\kl\bl_evghklv ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ b mklZgZ\eb\Zxl ihl_gpbZe [he__ lhqgh.

Ihke_ mklZgh\db ihl_gpbZeh\ «0%» b «100%» gZ rbgZo fh^_eb ijhba\h^yl [he__ lhqgmx ih^]hgdm ijhf_`mlhqguo agZq_gbc ihl_gpbZeh\ gZ fh^_eb k ^_ebl_ey gZijy`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\bb k «Bgkljmdpb_c ih wdkiemZlZpbb mklZgh\db W=>:-9/60».

Ihke_ j_ZebaZpbb b ijh\_jdb ]jZgbqguo mkeh\bc i_j_oh^yl d gZoh`^_gbx wd\bihl_gpbZevguo lhq_d \gmljb ihey fh^_ebjm_fhc h[eZklb nbevljZpbb ^ey ijh\_^_gby ih gbf khhl\_lkl\mxsbo wd\bihl_gpbZe_c (ebgbc jZ\guo gZihjh\). >ey hlukdZgby k ihfhsvx b]eu-smiZ gZ fh^_eb lhq_d, ijbgZ^e_`Zsbo hij_^_e_gghc wd\bihl_gpbZeb, gZ^h mklZgh\blv rdZem i_j_dexqZl_ey ^_dZ^ gZ ^_e_gb_, khhl\_lkl\mxs__ ^Zgghfm ihl_gpbZem, Z rdZem j_hohj^Z – gZ ^_e_gb_ «0». H[uqgh ihegh_ iZ^_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ gZ fh^_eb ijbgbfZxl aZ 100% beb aZ 1 b \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl g_h[oh^bfhc lhqghklb j_r_gby aZ^Zqb ^_eyl gZ 5, 10 beb 20 qZkl_c. < gZklhys_c jZ[hl_ jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\ (gZihj) jZa^_ey_lky gZ 10 qZkl_c b ihwlhfm \ ijhp_kk_ hiulZ gZ bkke_^m_fhf ebkl_ we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b klZ\yl lhqdb, ijbgZ^e_`Zsb_ ihl_gpbZeZf 90%, 80%,…, 10%. Lhqdb dZ`^hc wd\bihl_gpbZeb gZoh^yl b]ehc ijb iheh`_gbb klj_edb ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ, hl\_qZxs_fm gme_\hfm hlkq_lm. Ihbkd lhq_d wd\bihl_gpbZeb gZqbgZ_lky gZ ih^a_fghf dhglmj_ nexl[_lZ, ^ey q_]h ijh\h^yl hkljb_f b]eu \^hev wlh]h dhglmjZ b ke_^yl aZ ihdZaZgb_f ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ LhqdZ nbdkbjm_lky gZ we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]_ e_]dbf gZ`Zlb_f b]eu, aZl_f aZdj_iey_lky p\_lguf dZjZg^Zrhf. <lhjmx lhqdm bkdhfhc ebgbb gZoh^yl \[ebab i_j\hc b l.^. Ihke_^gyy lhqdZ wd\bihl_gpbZeb e_`bl gZ ]jZgbp_ fh^_eb. DZ`^mx wd\bihl_gpbZev (jZ\ghgZihjgmx ebgbx) kljhyl ih 5-8 lhqdZf. Kh_^bgyy wlb lhqdb ieZ\ghc djb\hc, ihemqZxl ebgbx jZ\gh]h ihl_gpbZeZ beb ebgbx ijb\_^_ggh]h gZihjZ hr = const, jbkm_fmx p\_lguf dZjZg^Zrhf. =jZgbqgu_ ebgbb, hl\_qZxsb_ ihl_gpbZeZf 100% b 0%, ijh\h^yl ih djZyf rbg R1 b R2. <k_ ihkljh_ggu_ lZdbf h[jZahf ebgbb

229

gZ^ibku\Zxl khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb agZq_gbyfb ijb\_^_gguo gZihjh\ hr (hr1=1.0, hr2 =0.9, hr3 = 0.8, … , hrn = 0) beb ^_ckl\bl_evguo gZihjh\ G, k\yaZgguo k hr

aZ\bkbfhklvx

]^_ Z h1 h2 - jZaghklv mjh\g_c \h^u \ \_jog_f b gb`g_f [v_nZo; h1 b h2 -

]em[bgu \ \_jog_f b gb`g_f [v_nZo, hlkqblZggu_ hl iehkdhklb kjZ\g_gby, gZijbf_j, hl ebgbb ^gZ.

< blh]_ fh^_ev bkke_^m_fhc h[eZklb nbevljZpbb jZa^_ey_lky ebgbyfb jZ\gh]h gZihjZ gZ ^_kylv ihykh\. IZ^_gb_ ^_ckl\mxs_]h gZihjZ \ ij_^_eZo dZ`^h]h ihykZ khklZ\bl 0,1z.

?keb ih^a_fguc dhglmj khhjm`_gby bf__l lhqdb i_j_ehfZ, lh ihy\ey_lky gZ^h[ghklv \ hij_^_e_gbb ihl_gpbZeZ \ gbo. K wlhc p_evx hkljb_ b]eu mklZgZ\eb\Zxl \ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc lhqd_, gh kgZqZeZ i_j_dexqZl_ev ^_dZ^ klZ\yl \ iheh`_gb_, khhl\_lkl\mxs__ [eb`Zcr_c kijZ\Z wd\bihl_gpbZeb, b,

\jZsZy jmqdm j_hohj^Z, ^h[b\Zxlky, qlh[u klj_edZ ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ ^Z\ZeZ gme_\hc hlkq_l. : ^Ze__ ^_eZxl hlkq_l ih j_hohj^m b gZoh^yl bkdhfuc ihl_gpbZe \ mdZaZgghc lhqd_.

Fh^_ev bkke_^m_fhc h[eZklb nbevljZpbb k aZdj_ie_ggufb ebgbyfb jZ\gh]h gZihjZ k ihfhsvx dhibjh\Zevghc [mfZ]b i_j_ghkblky k we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b gZ fbeebf_ljh\mx.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

<k_ \uqbke_gby agZq_gbc iZjZf_ljh\ nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ \uihegyxlky ih bkoh^guf ^Zgguf, ijb\_^_gguf \ lZ[ebp_ 21.2.

1. GZ fh^_eb h[eZklb nbevljZpbb, ij_^klZ\e_gghc gZ fbeebf_ljh\hc [mfZ]_ k ijh\_^_ggufb ebgbyfb jZ\gh]h gZihjZ, ijhba\h^blky ]jZnbq_kdh_

(hl jmdb) ihkljh_gb_ ebgbc lhdZ. Ijb wlhf bf_xl \ \b^m \ur_ijb\_^_ggu_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb ^\b`_gby b ijZ\beZ ihkljh_gby wlhc k_ldb.

Ihkljh_ggZy lZdbf h[jZahf ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdZy k_ldZ bf__l \b^ – jbk. 21.5.

Jbk. 21.5

231

2. >ey hij_^_e_gby \uoh^guo ]jZ^b_glh\ J ihyk ^Z\e_gby \ ahg_ \uoh^Z ihlhdZ \ gb`gbc [v_n jZa[b\Zxl gZ [he__ f_edb_ ihykZ (imgdlbjgZy wd\bihl_gpbZev gZ jbk. 21.5). Ijbf_gbl_evgh d ihke_^g_fm f_edhfm ihykm b gZoh^yl kj_^gb_ \ yq_cd_ k_ldb \uoh^gu_ ]jZ^b_glu ih nhjfme_

]^_ ûG – iZ^_gb_ gZihjZ \ ij_^_eZo jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc yq_cdb, kgbfZ_fh_

k]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb; ûl – kj_^g__ jZkklhygb_ f_`^m wd\bihl_gpbZeyfb

\ij_^_eZo yq_cdb, baf_jy_fh_ ih ebgbb lhdZ, ijhoh^ys_c q_j_a k_j_^bgm yq_cdb (imgdlbjgu_ ebgbb lhdZ).

J_amevlZlu hij_^_e_gby \uoh^guo ]jZ^b_glh\ gZ ih\_joghklb ^gZ gb`g_]h [v_nZ ij_^klZ\e_gu \ lZ[ebp_ 21.3.

<uoh^gu_ ]jZ^b_glu b kdhjhklb nbevljZpbb

LZ[ebpZ 21.3

Ihke_ \uqbke_gby kj_^gbo \uoh^guo ]jZ^b_glh\ \h \k_o yq_cdZo \uoh^gh]h ihykZ k_ldb kljhyl ih ^Zgguf lZ[ebpu 21.3 bo wixjm k p_evx ijh\_jdb f_klghc nbevljZpbhgghc ijhqghklb ]jmglZ gZ \uoh^_ nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ. <uoh^gu_ ]jZ^b_glu g_ ^he`gu ij_\urZlv agZq_gb_ djblbq_kdh]h ]jZ^b_glZ, hij_^_ey_fh]h ih KGbI. >ey ihkljh_gby wlhc wixju \uqbke_ggu_ \uoh^gu_ ]jZ^b_glu \ \u[jZgghf fZkrlZ[_ hldeZ^u\Zxlky ih \_jlbdZeyf, ijhoh^ysbf q_j_a khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ lhqdb ^gZ gb`g_]h [v_nZ.

Wlb lhqdb y\eyxlky lhqdZfb i_j_k_q_gby ebgbb ^gZ G; k ebgbyfb lhdZ, ijhoh^ysbfb q_j_a k_j_^bgm \uoh^guo yq__d k_ldb (kf. jbk. 21.5). Wlb ebgbb