praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

262

(jbk.24.1), gZghkblky ebgby H – H gme_\uo kdhjhkl_c b ]jZgbpu

Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb b jZkl_dZgby \ha^mrgh]h ihlhdZ (jbk.24.1).

J:;HL: 25

HIJ?>?E?GB? IHL?JV >:<E?GBY < =:AHIJH<H>?

P_ev jZ[hlu. 1. Hiulgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihl_jv ^Z\e_gby \ ]Zahijh\h^_. 2. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h lj_gby b ihkljh_gb_

aZ\bkbfhklb = f (Re).

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Ih^ZqZ ]ZaZ ih ljm[Zf (ijbjh^guc b bkdmkkl\_gguc ]Za, \ha^mo, iZj) rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_gh \ kh\j_f_gghc l_ogbd_. Ih kjZ\g_gbx k dZi_evgufb `b^dhklyfb ^\b`_gb_ ]Zah\ ih ljm[Zf bf__l k\hb hkh[_gghklb ba-aZ jZaebqby \ nbabq_kdbo k\hckl\Zo. < i_j\mx hq_j_^v wlb hlebqby \uau\Zxlky e_]dhc k`bfZ_fhklvx ]ZaZ ijb g_agZqbl_evguo baf_g_gbyo ^Z\e_gby, lh]^Z dZd dZi_evgu_ `b^dhklb ijZdlbq_kdb g_k`bfZ_fu \ [hevrhf ^bZiZahg_ ^Z\e_gbc.

Kljhbl_evgufb ghjfZfb b ijZ\beZfb (KGbI), gZijbf_j, ^ey ]hjh^kdbo kbkl_f ]ZahkgZ[`_gby mklZgh\e_gu ke_^mxsb_ dZl_]hjbb ^Z\e_gby ]ZaZ: gbadh]h – g_ [he__ 5o103 IZ; kj_^g_]h – hl 5o103 IZ ^h 0,3 FIZ b \ukhdh]h – hl

0,3 FIZ ^h 1,2 FIZ. Ijb wlhf `beu_ b h[s_kl\_ggu_ a^Zgby, mqj_`^_gby, f_edb_ ijhfure_ggu_ ihlj_[bl_eb ih^dexqZxl d jZkij_^_ebl_evguf ]Zahijh\h^Zf gbadh]h ^Z\e_gby, ]Zahf \ukhdh]h ^Z\e_gby iblZxl ijhfure_ggu_ ij_^ijbylby. JZkij_^_ebl_evgu_ ]Zahijh\h^u gbadh]h ^Z\e_gby ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc aZfdgmlmx fgh]hdhevp_\mx k_lv, ho\Zlu\Zxsmx \kx l_jjblhjbx jZchgZ, kgZ[`Z_fh]h ]Zahf. LZd dZd ihlj_[e_gb_ ]ZaZ hlebqZ_lky g_jZ\ghf_jghklvx, lh ]Zahijh\h^u kbkl_f

263

jZkij_^_e_gby jZkkqblu\Zxl gZ fZdkbfZevguc qZkh\hc jZkoh^, hij_^_- e_gguc ih kh\f_s_gghfm kmlhqghfm ]jZnbdm jZa[hjZ ]ZaZ ihlj_[bl_eyfb, beb ijb hlkmlkl\bb _]h gZ jZkq_lguc qZkh\hc jZkoh^, hij_^_ey_fuc jZaebqgufb f_lh^Zfb.

J:KQ?LGU? A:<BKBFHKLB >EY BAHL?JFBQ?KDH=H

><B@?GBY =:A: < LJM;?

Ijb ^\b`_gbb k`bfZ_fh]h ]ZaZ mjZ\g_gb_ g_jZaju\ghklb !V& = konst

^ey ]Zahijh\h^Z ihklhyggh]h k_q_gby &=const ijbgbfZ_l \b^ mkeh\by

ihklhygkl\Z fZkkh\hc kdhjhklb !V = const. Gh ^Z\e_gb_ j ih ^ebg_ ]Zahijh\h^Z mf_gvrZ_lky, Z agZqbl mf_gvrZ_lky b iehlghklv ]ZaZ !.

Ke_^h\Zl_evgh, kdhjhklv ^\b`_gby ]ZaZ # \hajZklZ_l. LZdbf h[jZahf, \ ljm[_ ihklhyggh]h k_q_gby ^\b`_gb_ g_k`bfZ_fhc `b^dhklb (! = const) [m^_l jZ\ghf_jguf, Z k`bfZ_fhc `b^dhklb (]ZaZ) (! • const) – mkdhj_gguf.

Ijb bahl_jfbq_kdhf ^\b`_gbb L = const ^bgZfbq_kdbc dhwnnbpb_gl \yadhklb

hklZ_lky ijZdlbq_kdb ihklhygguf ih ^ebg_ ljm[u, Z, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, g_

UVd

f_gy_lky b qbkeh J_cghev^kZ Re = P . LZdbf h[jZahf, ijb bahl_jfbq_kdhf

^\b`_gbb k`bfZ_fh]h ]ZaZ dhwnnbpb_gl ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h lj_gby =f(Re, dw ) d

hklZ_lky ihklhygguf, g_kfhljy gZ baf_g_gb_ \^hev ]Zahijh\h^Z kj_^g_c kdhjhklb ^\b`_gby V b _]h iehlghklb !. <_ebqbgZ dhwnnbpb_glZ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h lj_gby hij_^_ey_lky ba l_o `_ khh[jZ`_gbc, qlh b ijb ^\b`_gbb g_k`bfZ_fhc `b^dhklb (kf. eZ[. jZ[hlm «Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h khijhlb\e_gby ijb ^\b`_gbb `b^dhklb \ ljm[hijh\h^_»).

264

NhjfmeZ >Zjkb-<_ck[ZoZ kijZ\_^eb\Z lhevdh ^ey we_f_glZjgh]h mqZkldZ dl ]Zahijh\h^Z, \ ij_^_eZo dhlhjh]h fh`gh ij_g_[j_qv baf_g_gb_f iehlghklb ]ZaZ b kdhjhklb _]h ^\b`_gby.

Bgl_]jbjmy (25.1) k mq_lhf ihklhygkl\Z fZkkh\hc kdhjhklb ! V = !1 V1 b mjZ\g_gby DeZci_jhgZ

]^_ R – m^_evgZy ]Zah\Zy ihklhyggZy, ^ey \ha^moZ R = 287 (>`/d]) u

0D; T– l_fi_jZlmjZ ]ZaZ \ ]jZ^mkZo D_ev\bgZ; j - Z[khexlgh_ ^Z\e_gb_;

! – iehlghklv ]ZaZ;

ihemqbf aZ\bkbfhklv ^ey d\Z^jZlbqgh]h i_j_iZ^Z ^Z\e_gbc

dhlhjmx fh`gh ij_h[jZah\Zlv d \b^m

266

Ihl_jb \ f_klguo khijhlb\e_gbyo mqblu\Zxl k ihfhsvx wd\b\Ze_glghc ^ebgu lw, l._. f_klgh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ mkeh\gh aZf_gy_lky mqZkldhf ljm[hijh\h-

^Z k lZdbfb `_ ihl_jyfb lw =( / )d ; lh]^Z jZkq_lgZy ^ebgZ \hajZklZ_l

lj = l + lw .

Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh ijb jZkq_l_ ]Zahijh\h^h\ aZqZklmx \\h^blky ihgylb_ m^_evgh]h khijhlb\e_gby lj_gby Rl = ûj/l , l._. khijhlb\e_gb_ 1 ih].f ]Zahijh\h^Z.

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

Fgh]hklmi_gqZluc dhfij_kkhj 1 (jbk.25.1) q_j_a j_kb\_j 3 ih^Z_l ]Za \ ]Zahijh\h^ 4, \ gZqZe_ dhlhjh]h bf__lky mkljhckl\h 2 ^ey hl\h^Z qZklb ]ZaZ, Z \ dhgp_ ]Zahijh\h^Z mklZgh\e_g jhlZf_lj 5. GZ j_kb\_j_ 3 b ih dhgpZf hiulgh]h mqZkldZ ]Zahijh\h^Z 4 bf_xlky rlmp_ju ^ey ih^dexq_gby ^Zlqbdh\ ^Z\e_gby.

Jbk. 25.1

IHJY>HD IJH<?>?GBY J:;HLU

1. <dexqZxl dhfij_kkhj 1 b k ihfhsvx ^jhkk_ebjmxs_]h mkljhckl\Z 2 mklZgZ\eb\Zxl hij_^_e_gguc jZkoh^ \ha^moZ.

2. Baf_jyxl ^Z\e_gb_ b l_fi_jZlmjm \ j_kb\_j_ 3 k ihfhsvx U –h[jZa- gh]h \h^ygh]h iv_ahf_ljZ b l_jfhf_ljZ.

267

3. K ihfhsvx gZdehggh]h kibjlh\h]h fbdjhfZghf_ljZ baf_jyxl ihl_jb ^Z\e_gby gZ hiulghf mqZkld_ ]Zahijh\h^Z 4.

4. K ihfhsvx jhlZf_ljZ 5 hij_^_eyxl jZkoh^ \ha^moZ.

Ijb jZaebqguo jZkoh^Zo ijhba\h^yl 5 – 6 hiulh\.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Ih aZf_j_gguf \ j_kb\_j_ 3 j b t ba mjZ\g_gby khklhygby (mjZ\g_gby DeZci_jhgZ) hij_^_eyxl iehlghklv \ha^moZ !.

2.GZoh^yl ihl_jb ^Z\e_gby ûphi \ hiulghf ]Zahijh\h^_.

3.<uqbkeyxl qbkeh J_cghev^kZ Re b dhwnnbpb_gl ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h

lj_gby .

5. K mq_lhf hlghkbl_evgh]h i_j_iZ^Z ^Z\e_gby ûj/j \uqbkeyxl ihl_jb ^Z\e_gby ûj\uq b kjZ\gb\Zxl k hiulgufb ûjhi . Ijb wlhf, _keb ûj/j > 0,05, lh ûj\uq hij_^_eyxl ih nhjfme_ (25.4), Z, _keb ûj/j < 0,05, lh ûj\uq - ih

nhjfme_ (25.6)

AgZq_gby iehlghklb \h^u b kibjlZ, dbg_fZlbq_kdh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ \yadhklb \ha^moZ ijbgbfZxl ih kijZ\hqgbdm, Zlfhkn_jgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ hij_^_eyxl ih [Zjhf_ljm.

J_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc b \uqbke_gbc aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 1.

268

J:;HL: 26

I:J:F?LJBQ?KDB? BKIUL:GBY P?GLJH;?@GH=H G:KHK:

P_ev jZ[hlu: ihkljh_gb_ oZjZdl_jbklbd b hij_^_e_gb_ hilbfZevguo agZq_gbc ih^Zqb, gZihjZ b fhsghklb p_gljh[_`gh]h gZkhkZ.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

=jZnbq_kdZy aZ\bkbfhklv gZihjZ G, fhsghklb N b DI> gZkhkZ hl _]h ih^Zqb Q ijb ihklhygghc qZklhl_ \jZs_gby, iehlghklb b \yadhklb `b^dhc kj_^u gZau\Z_lky oZjZdl_jbklbdhc gZkhkZ. Ijb wlhf aZ\bkbfhklv H = f(Q)

269

gZau\Z_lky gZihjghc, Z N = f(Q) b = f(Q) – wg_j]_lbq_kdhc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc gZkhkZ. BkiulZgby ih mklZgh\e_gbx oZjZdl_jZ aZ\bkbfhkl_c H = f(Q) , N = f(Q) b = f(Q) gZau\Zxlky iZjZf_ljbq_kdbfb. H[uqgh hgb ijh\h^ylky \ aZ\h^kdbo eb[h eZ[hjZlhjguo mkeh\byo gZ ki_pbZevgh h[hjm^h\Zgguo kl_g^Zo \ khhl\_lkl\bb k =HKL 6134-87 «GZkhku ^bgZfbq_kdb_. F_lh^u bkiulZgbc».

OZjZdl_jbklbdb(Z) gZkhkZ bkihevamxlky ^ey kh]eZkh\Zgbb _]h jZ[hlu k k_lvx, Z lZd`_ ^ey ih^[hjZ h[hjm^h\Zgby b mklZgh\e_gbb mkeh\bc _]h fhglZ`Z b wdkiemZlZpbb.

< dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ gZ jbk. 26.1 ijb\_^_gu oZjZdl_jbklbdb (gZihjgZy b wg_j]_lbq_kdZy) p_gljh[_`gh]h gZkhkZ fZjdb D 90/20 (gZkhk dhgkhevgh]h lbiZ k ih^Zq_c Q = 90 f3/q b gZihjhf G = 20 f) ijb n = 2900 h[/fbg [2].

Jbk. 26.1

270

K Ih^Zq_c (h[t_fghc) gZkhkZ Q (f3/k, f3/qZk) gZau\Z_lky hlghr_gb_ h[t_fZ ih^Z\Z_fhc `b^dhc kj_^u dh \j_f_gb.

GZihjhf gZkhkZ G gZau\Z_lky jZaghklv m^_evguo wg_j]bc gZ \uoh^_

(k_q_gb_ “g”, jbk. 26.2) b \oh^_ (k_q_gb_ “\”, kf. lZf `_) \ gZkhk, \ujZ`_ggZy \ukhlhc klhe[Z ih^Z\Z_fhc `b^dhklb.

Jbk. 26.2

< khhl\_lkl\bb k =HKL17398-72 gZihj G hij_^_ey_lky ih aZ\bkbfhklb

271

]^_ J – ^Z\e_gb_ gZkhkZ; ! – iehlghklv `b^dhc kj_^u; g – mkdhj_gb_ k\h[h^gh]h iZ^_gby.

>ey hij_^_e_gby ^Z\e_gby gZkhkZ bkihevam_lky \ujZ`_gb_

]^_ jg b j\ – khhl\_lkl\_ggh ^Z\e_gby gZ \uoh^_ (k_q_gb_ ”g”, jbk 26.2) b \oh^_

(k_q_gb_ “\”, jbk. 26.2) \ gZkhk (^Z\e_gby gZ]g_lZgby b \kZku\Zgby); Vg b V\ –

kdhjhklb `b^dhc kj_^u gZ \uoh^_ b \oh^_ \ gZkhk; Zg b Z\ – \ukhlu p_gljh\ ly`_klb k_q_gbc \uoh^Z b \oh^Z \ gZkhk.

IjbgbfZy, qlh ^Z\e_gby jg b j\ baf_jyxlky khhl\_lkl\_ggh fZghf_ljhf 1 b \Zdmmf_ljhf 2 (ijbf_g_gb_ \Zdmmf_ljZ ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky ^ey kemqZy kha^Zgby \ZdmmfZ gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk).) b mqblu\Zy, qlh \Zdmmf y\ey_lky hljbpZl_evguf ba[ulhqguf ^Z\e_gb_f, \ujZ`_gb_ (26.1) k mq_lhf (26.2) ihke_

g_keh`guo ij_h[jZah\Zgbc ijbgbfZ_l \b^

]^_ hfZg b h\Zd - khhl\_lkl\_ggh ihdZaZgby fZghf_ljZ 1 b \Zdmmf_ljZ 2,

\ujZ`_ggu_ \ f_ljZo klhe[Z i_j_dZqb\Z_fhc `b^dhklb Vg b V\ bf_xl lh`_ agZq_gb_, qlh b \ \ujZ`_gbb (26.2); h0 – jZkklhygb_ ih \_jlbdZeb f_`^m hlf_ldhc iheh`_gby fZghf_ljZ b lhqdhc ih^dexq_gby \Zdmmf_ljZ (kf. jbk. 26.2).

<ujZ`_gb_ (26.3), ijb mkeh\bb jZ\_gkl\Z ^bZf_ljh\ \kZku\Zxs_c b gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgbc (dg = d\ ), beb ijb g_agZqbl_evghc (ih kjZ\g_gbx k gZihjhf G) jZaghklb kdhjhklguo gZihjh\ (V2g – V2\) /2g, fh`gh aZibkZlv \ ke_^mxs_f \b^_: