praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

232

lhdZ ^hihegbl_evgh _s_ gZ^h ijh\_klb hl jmdb (gZ jbk. 21.5 njZ]f_glu bo ihdZaZgu imgdlbjgufb hlj_adZfb).

3. <uqbkeyxlky kj_^gb_ kdhjhklb nbevljZpbb gZ \uoh^_ ]jmglh\h]h ihlhdZ \ gb`gbc [v_n ih nhjfme_ >Zjkb \ l_o `_ \uoh^guo yq_cdZo k_ldb, dhlhju_ bkihevah\Zebkv \ur_ ^ey hij_^_e_gby ]jZ^b_glh\

]^_ D – dhwnnbpb_gl nbevljZpbb, _]h agZq_gb_ aZ^Z_lky \ jZ[hl_.

<uqbke_ggu_ agZq_gby kj_^gbo \uoh^guo kdhjhkl_c nbevljZpbb gZ ih\_joghklb ^gZ gb`g_]h [v_nZ ij_^klZ\e_gu \ lZ[ebp_ 21.3. Ih wlbf ^Zgguf kljhyl wixjm \uoh^guo kdhjhkl_c nbevljZpbb, ijb wlhf \uqbke_ggu_ kdhjhklb \ \u[jZgghf fZkrlZ[_ hldeZ^u\Zxlky gZ l_o `_ \_jlbdZeyo, dhlhju_ bkihevah\Zebkv ^ey ihkljh_gby wixju ]jZ^b_glh\. Gh fZkrlZ[u gZ dhhj^bgZlguo hkyo kdhjhklb b ]jZ^b_glZ ^he`gu [ulv lZdbfb, qlh[u wixjZ kdhjhkl_c jZaf_sZeZkv \ur_ wixju \uoh^guo ]jZ^b_glh\.

4. Hij_^_eyxl m^_evguc nbevljZpbhgguc jZkoh^, l._. jZkoh^ gZ _^bgbpm rbjbgu h[eZklb nbevljZpbb. Wlhl jZkoh^ q _klv kmffZ m^_evguo jZkoh^h\ qe, ijhoh^ysbo ih dZ`^hc e_gl_. M^_evguc jZkoh^ dZ`^hc e_glu qe hij_^_eyxl ]jZnhZgZeblbq_kdbf kihkh[hf ih \ujZ`_gbx

]^_ ukj.e – kj_^gyy kdhjhklv nbevljZpbb gZ \uoh^_ ]jmglh\h]h ihlhdZ \ gb`gbc [v_n ih ^Zgghc e_gl_; agZq_gby ukj.e ijb\_^_gu \ lZ[ebp_ 21.3; bo lZd`_ fh`gh [jZlv k ihkljh_gghc wixju \uoh^guo kdhjhkl_c; ûSe – rbjbgZ e_glu ih ^gm gb`g_]h [v_nZ, hij_^_ey_lky ih q_jl_`m, jbk. 21.5.

J_amevlZlu hij_^_e_gby m^_evgh]h nbevljZpbhggh]h jZkoh^Z ij_^klZ\e_gu \ lZ[ebp_ 21.4.

AZl_f ih ^Zgguf lZ[ebpu 21.4, hldeZ^u\Zy \ fZkrlZ[_ gZjZklZxsmx kmffm m^_evguo jZkoh^h\ ih e_glZf kijZ\Z hl khhl\_lkl\mxs_c e_glu, kljhyl wixjm m^_evguo jZkoh^h\.

Iheguc nbevljZpbhgguc jZkoh^ ih^ khhjm`_gb_f _klv ijhba\_^_gb_ m^_evgh]h jZkoh^Z q gZ ^ebgm \k_]h khhjm`_gby. Ijhba\_^_gb_ iehsZ^b wixju \uoh^guo kdhjhkl_c gZ ^ebgm khhjm`_gby lZd`_ ^Z_l iheguc nbevljZpbhgguc jZkoh^ ih^ khhjm`_gb_f.

5. >ey hij_^_e_gby kbeu ^Z\e_gby nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ gZ nexl[_l khhjm`_gby kljhyl wixjm \_jlbdZevgh]h ^Z\e_gby (wixjm ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby) ihlhdZ gZ hkgh\Zgb_ khhjm`_gby. < wlbo p_eyo ih^a_fguc dhglmj khhjm`_gby ijh_dlbjm_lky gZ ]hjbahglZevgmx ebgbx, gZ dhlhjhc hlf_qZxlky lhqdb baehfZ dhglmjZ b lhqdb i_j_k_q_gby ebgbc jZ\gh]h gZihjZ k dhglmjhf. <h \k_o wlbo lhqdZo \uqbkey_lky \_jlbdZevgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ ih nhjfme_

ihdZau\Zxs__, dZdmx qZklv ^_ckl\mxs_]h gZihjZ Z khklZ\ey_l ebgby jZ\gh]h

234

gZihjZ, ijhoh^ysZy q_j_a ^Zggmx lhqdm; h2 - ]em[bgZ \ gb`g_f [v_n_; m –

aZ]em[e_gb_ lhqdb ih^ ^ghf gb`g_]h [v_nZ.

<uqbke_ggu_ agZq_gby ^Z\e_gby, hleh`_ggu_ \ fZkrlZ[_ ih^

khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb lhqdZfb gZ ijh_dpbb dhglmjZ hkgh\Zgby, iha\heyxl

ihkljhblv wixjm \_jlbdZevgh]h ^Z\e_gby nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ gZ

hkgh\Zgb_ khhjm`_gby (gZ jbk. 21.5 wixjZ ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby aZrljboh\ZgZ).

WixjZ ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby oZjZdl_jbam_l kmffZjgh_ ^Z\e_gb_, ijboh^ys__ky gZ

1 ih].f. ^ebgu khhjm`_gby. ?_ iehsZ^v jZ\gZ kbe_ ^Z\e_gby gZ iehsZ^v

235 hkgh\Zgby khhjm`_gby rbjbghc 1 f. WlZ kbeZ ijhoh^bl q_j_a p_glj ly`_klb

wixju ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby.

>ey hij_^_e_gby j_amevlbjmxs_c kbeu J\, ^_ckl\mxs_c gZ hkgh\Zgb_ khhjm`_gby, gZ^h mfgh`blv iehsZ^v wixju ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby gZ ^ebgm

J_amevlZlu hij_^_e_gby iehsZ^b wixju ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby ij_^klZ\e_gu \ lZ[ebp_ 21.5.

J:;HL: 22

BKKE?>H<:GB? ;?KPBJDMEYPBHGGH=H H;L?D:GBY L?E: IEHKDBF IHL?GPB:EVGUF IHLHDHF F?LH>HF

W=>:

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. Ihkljh_gb_ ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb ^\b`_gby ijb [_kpbjdmeypbhgghf h[l_dZgbb aZ^Zggh]h ijhnbey k ihfhsvx bgl_]jZlhjZ W=>:-9/60.

2.Hij_^_e_gb_ ihey jZkij_^_e_gby kdhjhkl_c b ^Z\e_gbc ijb h[l_dZgbb ijhnbey iml_f ih^kq_lZ dhwnnbpb_glh\ kdhjhkl_c b ^Z\e_gbc \ lhqdZo h[l_dZ_fh]h ijhnbey, Z lZd`_ agZq_gbc kdhjhkl_c b ^Z\e_gbc \ gbo.

3.Ihkljh_gb_ ]jZnbdh\ baf_g_gby dhwnnbpb_glh\ ^Z\e_gby Kpi ih ohj^_ h[l_dZ_fh]h djueh\h]h ijhnbey beb ih jZa\_jld_ djm]h\h]h ijhnbey hl^_evgh ^ey \_jog_c b gb`g_c _]h iheh\bgu.

236

4. Ihkljh_gb_ ]jZnbdh\ baf_g_gby dhwnnbpb_glZ kdhjhklb i \^hev lj_o wd\bihl_gpbZe_c, ijhoh^ysbo \ eh[h\hc, kj_^bgghc b dhjfh\hc qZklyo h[l_dZ_fh]h ijhnbey ^ey \_jog_c b gb`g_c _]h iheh\bgu.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Iehkdh_ ihl_gpbZevgh_ l_q_gb_

AgZqbl_evgh_ qbkeh l_ogbq_kdbo aZ^Zq fh`gh j_rZlv, ij_^iheZ]Zy ^\b`_gb_ iehkdbf, lh _klv lZdbf, \ dhlhjhf \k_ iZjZf_lju l_q_gby h^bgZdh\u \ koh^kl\_gguo lhqdZo iZjZee_evguo f_`^m kh[hc iehkdhkl_c b baf_gyxlky lhevdh \ gZijZ\e_gbb ^\mo hk_c dhhj^bgZl.

Ihl_gpbZevgh_ l_q_gb_ – wlh [_a\boj_\h_ l_q_gb_, ijb dhlhjhf \ ihlhd_ hlkmlkl\m_l \jZs_gb_ `b^dbo qZklbp, Z ^himkdZ_lky lhevdh bo ihklmiZl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_ b ^_nhjfZpby. Fh^_ev ihl_gpbZevgh]h ^\b`_gby mijhsZ_l j_r_gb_ p_eh]h jy^Z ijbdeZ^guo aZ^Zq ]b^jhf_oZgbdb. GZijbf_j, ijb h[l_dZgbb l_e [_a]jZgbqguf ihlhdhf, l_q_gb_ ijb[eb`_ggh ijbgbfZ_lky [_a\boj_\uf ih\kx^m, aZ bkdexq_gb_f ih]jZgbqgh]h kehy b ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdh]h ke_^Z.

Ih]jZgbqguc kehc – kjZ\gbl_evgh madZy h[eZklv l_q_gby `b^dhklb beb ]ZaZ, ijbe_]ZxsZy d ih\_joghklb h[l_dZ_fh]h l_eZ, \ ij_^_eZo dhlhjhc kbeu \gmlj_gg_]h lj_gby khbaf_jbfu k kbeZfb ^Z\e_gby b bg_jpbb b kdhjhklv baf_gy_lky hl gmey gZ ih\_joghklb l_eZ (mkeh\b_ ijbebiZgby) ^h g_dhlhjh]h agZq_gby u0, oZjZdl_jgh]h ^ey \g_rg_c, hlghkbl_evgh ih]jZgbqgh]h kehy, h[eZklb l_q_gby.

=b^jh^bgZfbq_kdbc ke_^ – wlh lZd`_ hlghkbl_evgh g_[hevrZy h[eZklv l_q_gby, gZ[ex^Z_fZy aZ dhjfh\hc qZklvx h[l_dZ_fh]h l_eZ \gba ih ihlhdm,

]^_ kdhjhklv ih^lhjfh`_ggh]h l_ehf ihlhdZ ihkl_i_ggh \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ^h agZq_gby u0 \g_rg_c h[eZklb l_q_gby.

Ijb ihl_gpbZevghf beb [_a\boj_\hf l_q_gbb m]eh\Zy kdhjhklv \jZs_gby qZklbp `b^dhklb hlghkbl_evgh k\hbo f]gh\_gguo hk_c = 0 b __

237 dhfihg_glu o = m = z = 0. ?keb jZkkfZljb\Z_lky iehkdh_ l_q_gb_,

oZjZdl_jbam_fh_ kbkl_fhc dhhj^bgZl O b M, lh \ wlhf kemqZ_

<ujZ`_gb_ (22.1) y\ey_lky mkeh\b_f ihl_gpbZevgh]h ^\b`_gby, hibku\Z_fh]h kdZeyjghc nmgdpb_c ihl_gpbZeZ kdhjhklb 3(o,m), qZklgu_ ijhba\h^gu_ dhlhjhc hij_^_eyxl \_dlhju dhfihg_glh\ kdhjhklb

Djhf_ lh]h, ^ey ex[h]h iehkdh]h l_q_gby g_k`bfZ_fhc `b^dhklb ^he`gh \uihegylvky ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh_ mjZ\g_gb_ g_jZaju\ghklb, bf_xs__

\b^

MjZ\g_gb_ (22.3) ihdZau\Z_l, qlh kms_kl\m_l g_dhlhjZy kdZeyjgZy nmgdpby lhdZ %(o,y), dhlhjZy m^h\e_l\hjy_l mkeh\byf

238

<ujZ`Zy dhfihg_glu kdhjhklb \ mjZ\g_gbb (22.3) kh]eZkgh jZ\_gkl\Z

(22.2), ihemqbf mjZ\g_gb_ EZieZkZ ^ey nmgdpbb ihl_gpbZeZ kdhjhklb 3

MjZ\g_gb_ EZieZkZ fh`gh aZibkZlv b ^ey nmgdpbb lhdZ %. Ih^klZ\eyy

(22.4) \ (22.1), ihemqbf

AZ^ZqZ h[ h[l_dZgbb l_eZ iehkdbf ihl_gpbZevguf ihlhdhf g_k`bfZ_fhc `b^dhklb k\h^blky d j_r_gbx h^gh]h ba mjZ\g_gbc (22.5), (22.6) ijb hij_^_e_gguo ]jZgbqguo mkeh\byo. J_r_gb_ mjZ\g_gbc EZieZkZ ZgZeblbq_kdbf kihkh[hf ijb ijhba\hevguo ]jZgbqguo mkeh\byo ^h\hevgh keh`gh b g_ \k_]^Z \uihegbfh. Kms_kl\mxl [he__ ijhklu_ b ^hklZlhqgh lhqgu_ ^ey ijZdlbq_kdbo jZkq_lh\ kihkh[u ]jZnbq_kdbo j_r_gbc mjZ\g_gby EZieZkZ \ \b^_ ihkljh_gby ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdbo k_lhd.

=b^jh^bgZfbq_kdZy k_ldZ ^\b`_gby ihlhdZ

=b^jh^bgZfbq_kdZy k_ldZ y\ey_lky ]jZnbq_kdbf \ujZ`_gb_f mjZ\g_gby EZieZkZ b ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ^\_ kbkl_fu hjlh]hgZevguo ^jm] ^jm]m ebgbc: ebgbc jZ\gh]h ihl_gpbZeZ kdhjhklb (wd\bihl_gpbZevguo ebgbc) 3 = const b ebgbc lhdZ % = const – ebgbc gZdeZ^u\Z_fuo gZ bkke_^m_fmx h[eZklv iehkdh]h

239

ihl_gpbZevgh]h l_q_gby `b^dhklb. =b^jh^bgZfbq_kdZy k_ldZ aZf_gy_l \_dlhjgh_ ihe_ jZkij_^_e_gby iZjZf_ljh\ l_q_gby kdZeyjguf, dhlhjh_ [he__ m^h[gh ijb j_r_gbb aZ^Zq.

L_hjby ihl_gpbZevgh]h ^\b`_gby ^hdZau\Z_l hjlh]hgZevghklv b d\Z^jZlbqghklv kljh_gby ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb. Wlh agZqbl, qlh \_dlhj kdhjhklb gZijZ\e_g ih ghjfZeb d wd\bihl_gpbZeb, l._. k_f_ckl\Z ebgbc 3 = const b % = const – hjlh]hgZevgu, b yq_cdb k_ldb ij_^klZ\eyxl \ h[s_f kemqZ_ djb\hebg_cgu_ d\Z^jZlu (jbk. 22.1).

Jbk. 22.1

<\_^_f h[hagZq_gby: ûn – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m ^\mfy khk_^gbfb wd\bihl_gpbZeyfb \^hev ebgbb lhdZ; ûs – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m ^\mfy khk_^gbfb ebgbyfb lhdZ \^hev wd\bihl_gpbZeb; û3 – jZaghklv agZq_gbc ihl_gpbZeZ kdhjhklb gZ khk_^gbo wd\bihl_gpbZeyo; û% - jZaghklv agZq_gbc nmgdpbc lhdZ gZ khk_^gbo ebgbyo lhdZ. Lh]^Z ^ey dZ`^hc yq_cdb ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb kijZ\_^eb\h khhlghr_gb_

240

G_h[oh^bfh hlf_lblv, qlh gb h^gZ ba ebgbc k_ldb g_ gZqbgZ_lky b g_ aZdZgqb\Z_lky \gmljb h[eZklb l_q_gby, Z fh`_l gZqbgZlvky b aZdZgqb\Zlvky eb[h gZ ]jZgbp_ h[eZklb l_q_gby, eb[h ij_^klZ\eylv kh[hc aZfdgmlmx djb\mx.

H^ghbf_ggu_ ebgbb k_ldb g_ fh]ml i_j_k_dZlvky gb]^_, djhf_ hkh[uo b djblbq_kdbo lhq_d – lhq_d, \ dhlhjuo kdhjhklv jZ\gZ khhl\_lkl\_ggh [_kdhg_qghklb beb gmex. D k\hckl\Zf ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb ke_^m_l hlg_klb __ h[jZlbfhklv, aZdexqZxsmxky \ lhf, qlh dZ`^hc k_ld_ khhl\_lkl\mxl ^\Z \hafh`guo l_q_gby, dh]^Z wd\bihl_gpbZeu h^gh]h l_q_gby kem`Zl ebgbyfb lhdZ ^jm]h]h b gZh[hjhl.

M^_evguc jZkoh^ f_`^m ^\mfy ebgbyfb lhdZ ihklhyg_g b fh`_l [ulv hij_^_e_g aZ\bkbfhklvx

Hlkx^Z kdhjhklv ui \ ex[hc lhqd_ i h[eZklb l_q_gby jZ\gZ

]^_ u0 – h[uqgh ba\_klgZy kdhjhklv ihlhdZ «gZ [_kdhg_qghklb»; ûs0 b ûsi

– jZkklhygb_ ih wd\bihl_gpbZeyf f_`^m \u[jZggufb ebgbyfb lhdZ «gZ [_kdhg_qghklb» b \ hdj_klghklb jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc lhqdb i.

AZqZklmx [hevrbc ijZdlbq_kdbc bgl_j_k ij_^klZ\ey_l hij_^_e_gb_ g_ kZfhc kdhjhklb ui , Z [_ajZaf_jgh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ kdhjhklb i , dhlhjuc oZjZdl_jbam_lky hlghr_gb_f

AgZy \_ebqbgm ^Z\e_gby «gZ [_kdhg_qghklb» j0, fh`gh hij_^_eblv ^Z\e_gb_ \ bgl_j_kmxs_c gZk lhqd_ i k ihfhsvx mjZ\g_gby ;_jgmeeb

JZkij_^_e_gb_ ^Z\e_gby \^hev h[l_dZ_fh]h l_eZ h[uqgh oZjZdl_jbam_lky \_ebqbghc – dhwnnbpb_glhf ^Z\e_gby Kp, dhlhjuc hij_^_ey_lky dZd hlghr_gb_ jZaghklb ^Z\e_gbc \ ^Zgghc lhqd_ gZ ih\_joghklb l_eZ \ [_kdhg_qghklb d ^bgZfbq_kdhfm ^Z\e_gbx g_\hafms_ggh]h ihlhdZ

beb k mq_lhf (22.11) dhwnnbpb_gl ^Z\e_gby

LZdbf h[jZahf, ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdZy k_ldZ iha\hey_l hij_^_eblv ihe_ jZkij_^_e_gby kdhjhkl_c b ^Z\e_gbc, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, \uqbkeblv kbeu \aZbfh^_ckl\by ihlhdZ b l_eZ b j_rblv jy^ ^jm]bo \hijhkh\.

MjZ\g_gb_ ;_jgmeeb gZibkZgh [_a mq_lZ m^_evghc wg_j]bb iheh`_gby \\b^m __ kjZ\gbl_evghc fZehklb; \ mjZ\g_gbb wg_j]by hlg_k_gZ d _^bgbp_ h[t_fZ