praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

252

g_[hevrhc (3-5 kf) mqZklhd ebgbb lhdZ ijb[eb`Zykv d ijhnbex. ?keb ebgby %

= %n \uc^_l gZ dhglmj g_ \ lhqd_ aZhklj_gby, lh baf_gyxl agZq_gb_ Un b ih\lhjyxl ihkljh_gb_. AZ gme_\h_ ijb[eb`_gb_ fh`gh [jZlv agZq_gb_ Un ijb

Jbk. 23.1

[_kpbjdmeypbhgghf h[l_dZgbb, lh _klv lh agZq_gb_, dhlhjh_ Z\lhfZlbq_kdb mklZgh\blky gZ dhglmj_, dh]^Z gZ g_]h g_ ih^Zgh ^hihegbl_evgh_ gZijy`_gb_.

Ih^h[jZ\ Un, kljhyl \kx ebgbx lhdZ % = %n, ihke_ q_]h hklZevgu_ ebgbb lhdZ k \u[jZgguf rZ]hf 5 beb 10% kljhylky lZd `_, dZd \ eZ[hjZlhjghc jZ[hl_ 22 ijb [_kpbjdmeypbhgghf h[l_dZgbb.

Ijb ihkljh_gbb wd\bihl_gpbZe_c 3 = const ^ey kemqZy h[l_dZgby k pbjdmeypb_c g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv g_h^ghagZqghklv ihl_gpbZeZ 3. GZb[he__ m^h[guf kihkh[hf ihkljh_gby wd\bihl_gpbZe_c y\ey_lky ijbf_g_gguc \ jZ[hl_ ?.B.Iylb]hjkdhc b :.B Kfheyd «Bkke_^h\Zgb_ f_lh^hf W=>: h[l_dZgby l_e iehkdbf ihl_gpbZevguf ihlhdhf».-FWB,1975.

Ih gZc^_gghc ebgbb lhdZ % = %n fh^_ev jZaj_aZ_lky b ijhnbev \f_kl_ k ijbde__ghc nhev]hc \uj_aZ_lky. H[_ ihemq_ggu_ h[eZklb g_aZ\bkbfh

253

ih^dexqZxlky d bgl_]jZlhjm W=>: ^ey ihkljh_gby wd\bihl_gpbZe_c 3 = const (jbk. 23.2) ZgZeh]bqgh kemqZx [_kpbjdmeypbhggh]h h[l_dZgby.

Jbk. 23.2

<gZqZe_ kljhylky wd\bihl_gpbZeb ^ey \_jog_c h[eZklb lZdbf h[jZahf, qlh[u hgb ijhoh^beb q_j_a lhqdb : b H. JZkiheh`b\ f_`^m lhqdZfb : b H p_eh_ qbkeh rZ]h\, ihemqbf \_ebqbgm rZ]Z ^ey \_jog_c h[eZklb

'U U A UO , (23.3)

]^_ n – p_eh_ qbkeh, \u[jZggh_ lZd, qlh[u ûU\ ihemqbeky [ebadbf d rZ]m, k dhlhjuf ihkljh_gu ebgbb lhdZ (5 beb 10%). Ihkljh_gb_ wd\bihl_gpbZe_c gZqbgZ_lky k lhq_d : beb H b aZl_f \ h[_ klhjhgu k rZ]hf

ûU\.

< gb`g_c h[eZklb gZ mqZkldZo \g_ ijhnbey <ï:ï b HïKï wd\bihl_gpbZeb ^he`gu y\eylvky ijh^he`_gb_f wd\bihl_gpbZe_c \_jog_c h[eZklb. Lh]^Z ijbjZ\gb\Zy qbkeh rZ]h\ gZ mqZkldZo <: b <ï:ï, ihemqbf \_ebqbgm rZ]Z ^ey gb`g_c qZklb h[eZklb l_q_gby

254

K wlbf rZ]hf kljhyl wd\bihl_gpbZeb \e_\h hl lhqdb :ï b \ijZ\h hl lhqdb Hï. GZ mqZkld_ :ïHï ijb ihkljh_gbb k rZ]hf ûUg, \ h[s_f kemqZ_, fh`_l meh`blvky g_p_eh_ qbkeh rZ]h\.

J:KQ?L IH>T?FGHC KBEU

]^_ Cm – dhwnnbpb_gl ih^t_fghc kbeu, S – oZjZdl_jgZy iehsZ^v, dhlhjZy ^ey iehkdhc aZ^Zqb [m^mqb hlg_k_gZ d _^bgbp_ rbjbgu \ujZablky S = l , ]^_ l – ohj^Z ijhnbey.

<ujZ`Zy \_ebqbgm ih^t_fghc kbeu ih nhjfme_ G.?.@mdh\kdh]h, ihemqbf ^ey dhwnnbpb_glZ ih^t_fghc kbeu

GZ we_dljbq_kdhc fh^_eb h[eZklb l_q_gby ZgZeh]hf pbjdmeypbb [m^_l kdZqhd we_dljbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ U ijb lZdhf `_ h[oh^_ dhglmjZ ijhnbey, dhlhjuc ijhbkoh^bl ijb i_j_oh^_ q_j_a wd\bihl_gpbZev, ijh\_^_ggmx q_j_a lhqdm :ï. Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh agZq_gby we_dljbq_kdbo ihl_gpbZeh\ gZ h^ghc wd\bihl_gpbZeb \ \_jog_c b gb`g_c h[eZklyo [m^ml hlebqZlvky.

255

Pbjdmeypby kdhjhklb, jZ\gZy kdZqdm we_dljbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ, \ujZablky \

\b^_

Dhwnnbpb_gl ih^t_fghc kbeu hij_^_ey_lky lZd

<b^gh, qlh ^ey hij_^_e_gby dhwnnbpb_glZ ih^t_fghc kbeu fh`gh g_ kljhblv \kx k_ldm, Z ^hklZlhqgh ihkljhblv ebgbx lhdZ % = %n, \^hev g__ \uihegblv jZaj_a h[eZklb gZ ^\_ qZklb b, ih^dexqb\ bo d ijb[hjm, baf_jblv we_dljbq_kdb_ ihl_gpbZeu \ lhqdZo :, :ï b H, Hï.

>ey khihklZ\e_gby fh`gh hij_^_eblv Cm ih jZkij_^_e_gbx ^Z\e_gbc gZ dhglmj_

^Z\e_gby KJ gZoh^blky ih ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ld_ l_q_gby lZd `_, dZd b ijb [_kpbjdmeypbhgghf h[l_dZgbb.

>ey fZl_fZlbq_kdhc h[jZ[hldb wdki_jbf_glZevguo ^Zgguo ij_^eZ]Z_lky lZ[ebqgZy nhjfZ aZibk_c.

256

LZ[ebpZ 23.1

J:;HL: 24

IHKLJH?GB? :WJH>BG:FBQ?KDHC L?GB A>:GBY

P_ev jZ[hlu. 1. Bamq_gb_ jZkij_^_e_gby ^Z\e_gby (Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdh]h

dhwnnbpb_glZ) ih ih\_joghklb a^Zgby.

2.Ihkljh_gb_ wixju ]hjbahglZevghc khklZ\eyxs_c kdhjhklb \_ljh\h]h ihlhdZ, h[l_dZxs_]h a^Zgb_ ^ey lj_o \_jlbdZevguo k_q_gbc.

3.Ihkljh_gb_ Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb a^Zgby.

257

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Ijb ijh_dlbjh\Zgbb a^Zgbc b khhjm`_gbc ^ey j_r_gby aZ^Zq ZwjZpbb `b- ehc aZkljhcdb b ijhfure_gguo a^Zgbc g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv ^_ckl\b_ \_ljZ gZ we_f_glu aZkljhcdb.

Hkh[_ggh agZqbl_evguf \_ljh\uf \ha^_ckl\byf ih^\_j`_gu \ukhdb_ a^Z- gby b khhjm`_gby. Ba-aZ \_ljh\h]h \ha^_ckl\by \hagbdZ_l bgnbevljZpby \ha^m- oZ \ ihf_s_gbb, qlh ijb\h^bl d m\_ebq_gbx l_iehihl_jv abfhc. AZ a^Zgb_f,

\ke_^kl\b_ hlju\Z ihlhdZ h[jZam_lky aZklhcgZy h[eZklv K-K (jbk.24.1) k \boj_\uf ^\b`_gb_f, gZau\Z_fZy Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gvx. Lmj[me_glguc h[f_g \ wlhc h[eZklb k \g_rg_c kj_^hc hdZau\Z_lky g_^hklZlhqguf, ihwlhfm \ ij_^_eZo Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb g_^himklbf \u[jhk aZ]jyag_ggh]h \ha^moZ.

Jbk. 24.1

>Z\e_gb_ \_ljZ gZ khhjm`_gb_ \ujZ`Z_lky q_j_a ^bgZfbq_kdh_ ^Z\e_gb_ k\h[h^gh]h \_ljh\h]h ihlhdZ

258

]^_ d – Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdbc dhwnnbpb_gl; u’ - kdhjhklv \_ljZ gZ \ukhl_;

! – iehlghklv \ho^moZ.

>ey a^Zgby, bf_xs_]h nhjfm iZjZee_e_ibi_^Z, jZkiheh`_ggh]h ghjfZevgh d ihlhdm, gZ eh[h\hc (gZ\_lj_gghc) klhjhg_ d = (0,7…0,8), gZ luevghc klhjhg_ d = (0,2…0,3). Iheh`bl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ hl-deZ^u\Z_lky \gmljb dhglmjZ khhjm`_gby, Z hljbpZl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ – kgZjm`b dhglmjZ (jbk.24.2).

F_oZgbaf h[jZah\Zgby Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb ke_^mxsbc.

KqblZ_lky, qlh lhqdZ hlju\Z ih]jZgbqgh]h kehy hl kl_gdb a^Zgby y\ey_lky gZqZehf hlju\gh]h l_q_gby, ]^_ ih f_j_ m^Ze_gby hl a^Zgby kdhjhklb m[u\Zxl.

Fh`gh \u^_eblv ebgbx gme_\uo kdhjhkl_c H – H (jbk.24.1), \hdjm] dhlhjhc ijhbkoh^bl pbjdmeypby qZklbp. Wlh l_q_gb_ ghkbl g_mklhcqb\uc oZjZdl_j.

H[jZah\Z\rb_ky \bojb hlghkylky \gba ih l_q_gbx, gZ bo f_kl_ \hagbdZxl gh\u_. FZkkh\uc h[f_g k \g_rgbf ihlhdhf a^_kv g_\_ebd. Hkgh\ghc ihlhd, h[l_dZxsbc h[eZklv Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb, fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd ihl_gpbZevgh_ h[l_dZgb_ g_dhlhjh]h l_eZ h\Zevghc nhjfu.

AgZy kdhjhklv gZ ]jZgbp_ Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb a^Zgby

259

ux = ur ijb y = h,

]^_ h - \ukhlZ Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb (jbk.24.1), fh`gh \uqbkeblv jZkij_^_e_gb_ kdhjhkl_c \ p_gljZevghc qZklb l_gb ih nhjfme_

H[jZlgZy kdhjhklv m hkgh\Zgby fh`_l [ulv ihemq_gZ ba nhjfmeu (24.2)

Ijb h[l_dZgbb a^Zgby rbjbghc

Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdZy l_gv jZkijhkljZgy_lky hl aZ\_lj_gghc klhjhgu a^Zgby gZ jZkklhygb_

260

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

HiulgZy mklZgh\dZ khklhbl ba hk_\h]h \_glbeylhjZ, kha^Zxs_]h ihlhd \ha^moZ, fh^_eb a^Zgby, \ l_e_ dhlhjhc \uiheg_gu dZgZeu, \u\_^_ggu_ \ gb`- gbc __ lhj_p b kh_^bg_ggu_ j_abgh\ufb reZg]Zfb kh rlmp_jZfb. D rlmp_jZf ih^kh_^bgy_lky fbdjhfZghf_lj.

>ey baf_j_gby kdhjhkl_c bkihevam_lky kdhjhklgZy ljm[dZ, aZdj_ie_ggZy gZ ih^\b`ghf rlZlb\_, h[_ki_qb\Zxs_f __ i_j_f_s_gb_ \ ]hjbahglZevghc b \_jlbdZevghc iehkdhklyo b hij_^_e_gb_ dhhj^bgZl lhqdb, \ dhlhjhc baf_jy_lky kdhjhklv. Dhgkljmdpby rlZlb\Z iha\hey_l bkihevah\Zlv ^ey baf_j_gby kdhjhklb ihlhdZ \f_klh kdhjhklghc ljm[db lZd`_ b l_jfhZg_fhf_lj, rdZeZ j_]bkljbjmxs_]h ijb[hjZ dhlhjh]h ij_^\Zjbl_evgh lZjbjm_lky b iha\hey_l hij_^_eblv \_ebqbgm kdhjhklb [_a dZdh]h-eb[h i_j_kq_lZ beb j_]bkljbjh\Zlv __ gZ ^bZ]jZffghc e_gl_.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.<dexqZxl hk_\hc \_glbeylhj.

2.K ihfhsvx fbdjhfZghf_ljZ, ihhq_j_^gh ih^dexqZ_fh]h d dZ`^hfm ba rlmp_jh\, hij_^_eyxl jZkij_^_e_gb_ ^Z\e_gby ih dhglmjm a^Zgby.

3.K ihfhsvx kdhjhklghc ljm[db beb l_jfhZg_fhf_ljZ hij_^_eyxl

kdhjhklv ih^oh^Z b kdhjhklb \ 4 – 5 lhqdZo dZ`^hc ba lj_o \_jlbdZevguo

iehkdhkl_c (gZ^ a^Zgb_f, \ kj_^g_c b dhg_qghc qZklyo Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb).

>ey wlh]h kdhjhklgmx ljm[dm ijb ihfhsb ih^\b`gh]h rlZlb\Z i_j_f_sZxl \ gm`gmx lhqdm ijhkljZgkl\Z b nbdkbjmxl __ dhhj^bgZlu b ihdZaZgby fbdjhfZghf_ljZ.

261

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Ih aZf_j_gguf ihdZaZgbyf fbdjhfZghf_ljZ h ff kibjlh\h]h klhe[Z \uqbkeyxl ^Z\e_gb_ j \h \k_o lhqdZo dhglmjZ a^Zgby

j = !kigh’,

]^_ !ki - iehlghklv kibjlZ; hc - ijb\_^_ggh_ ihdZaZgb_

fbdjhfZghf_ljZ, jZ\gh_ nh ; n - ihijZ\hqguc dhwnnbpb_gl fbdjhfZghf_ljZ. 2. Ih nhjfme_ (24.1) \uqbkey_lky jZkij_^_e_gb_ Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdh]h

dhwnnbpb_glZ d ih dhglmjm a^Zgby.

3. Ih ihdZaZgbyf fbdjhfZghf_ljZ \uqbkey_lky hkj_^g_ggZy kdhjhklv \ aZ^Zgguo lhqdZo \ha^mrgh]h ihlhdZ ih nhjfme_

u2gh UUki .

4. K mq_lhf nhjfmeu (24.5) hij_^_ey_lky fZdkbfZevgZy \ukhlZ b ^ebgZ Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb.

Hiulgu_ ^Zggu_ b j_amevlZlu \uqbke_gbc k\h^ylky \ lZ[ebpm.

LZ[ebpZ 24.1.

Ih j_amevlZlZf \uqbke_gbc \ ijbgylhf fZkrlZ[_ kljhylky wixju jZkij_^_e_gby ^Z\e_gby ih dhglmjm a^Zgby (jbk.24.2) b wixju kdhjhkl_c