praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

202

RbjbgZ i_j_iZ^Z \ jZ\gZ rbjbg_ ehldZ.

AZjbkh\u\Z_lky ijh^hevguc jZaj_a fh^_eb i_j_iZ^Z k bah[jZ`_gb_f k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb ihlhdZ b k h[hagZq_gb_f \k_o g_h[oh^bfuo \ jZ[hl_ hlf_lhd, ]em[bg b jZaf_jh\ fh^_eb.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Ih jZaghklb baf_j_gguo hlf_lhd ih^kqblu\Z_lky gZihj G1 gZ^ ihjh]hf \oh^ghc qZklb i_j_iZ^Z, \ukhlZ kl_ghd iZ^_gby J1 b J2, \ukhlZ \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb Jk gZ i_j\hc klmi_gb, ]em[bgZ \h^h[hcgh]h dheh^pZ d0 (\ukhlZ \h^h[hcgh]h mklmiZ \uoh^ghc qZklb i_j_iZ^Z), [ulh\Zy ]em[bgZ h/ ihlhdZ \ gb`g_f [v_n_, ]em[bgu ihlhdZ h gZ fh^_eb \ k_q_gbyo, mdZaZgguo \ lZ[ebp_ 19.1.

J_amevlZlu \uqbke_gbc aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 19.2.

203

< j_amevlZl_ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo jZkq_lh\ ih aZ^Zgghfm jZkoh^m Q hij_^_eyxl ^ebgm \h^h[h_\ l\ gZ h[_bo klmi_gyo, \ukhlm \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb Jk, ]em[bgm \h^h[hcgh]h dheh^pZ d0, ^ey q_]h ihlj_[m_lky \uqbkeylv ]em[bgu hk \ k`Zluo k_q_gbyo gZ \h^h[hyo b \lhju_ khijy`_ggu_ k gbfb ]em[bgu hÝ, djblbq_kdmx ]em[bgm hd, ihegmx m^_evgmx wg_j]bx ?0 \ k_q_gbyo i_j_^ \oh^hf gZ \h^hkeb\u, l._. \ k_q_gbyo 1-1 b 2-2 (jbk. 19.5), ^ebgu ih^i_jluo iju`dh\ li ij b hle_lZ kljmb li hl kl_ghd iZ^_gby ijb i_j_eb\_ kljmb q_j_a \h^hkeb\u.

Jbk. 19.5

204

205

AgZq_gb_ djblbq_kdhc ]em[bgu hd \uqbkeyxlky ih nhjfme_ (19.2).

I_j\Zy klmi_gv.

IhegZy m^_evgZy wg_j]by ?01 \ k_q_gbb i_j_^ \oh^hf gZ i_j_iZ^ (k_q_gb_ 1- 1), hlg_k_ggZy d ]hjbahglZevghfm \h^h[hx i_j\hc klmi_gb (jbk. 19.5),

\uqbkey_lky ih nhjfme_

AgZq_gb_ ]em[bgu \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb gZ i_j\hf \h^h[h_ hk (k_q_gb_ K-K, jbk. 19.5) hij_^_ey_lky ba mjZ\g_gby (19.3) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g_]h ?01 \f_klh ?0; mjZ\g_gb_ (19.3) j_rZ_lky f_lh^hf ihke_^h\Zl_evguo ijb[eb`_gbc – kf. mjZ\g_gby (19.4), (19.5). Lj_[m_fh_ agZq_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ kdhjhklb 3 ijb wlhf ijbgbfZ_lky ih ebl_jZlmjguf bklhqgbdZf; 3 = 0,95-0,97 [8]. AgZq_gb_ hÝk, khijy`_gghc k \uqbke_gghc k`Zlhc ]em[bghc hk, hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_ (19.7).

Ihke_ wlh]h \uqbkey_lky \ukhlZ \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb ih nhjfme_ (19.6), \ dhlhjhc \f_klh hc b hÝ ih^klZ\eyxlky khhl\_lkl\_ggh ihemq_ggu_ hk b hÝk, Z \ukhlZ ]Zkbl_ey d y\ey_lky bkdhfhc \ukhlhc \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb Jk.

>ebgZ ih^i_jlh]h iju`dZ gZ i_j\hf \h^h[h_ hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_

(19.10) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g__ ?01 \f_klh ?0 , J1 \f_klh J , G01 \f_klh G0. AgZq_gb_ ihegh]h gZihjZ G01 \uqbkey_lky ih nhjfme_ (19.11) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g__ G1

q

\f_klh G b V . AgZq_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ jZkoh^Z m \h^hkeb\Z k rbjhdbf

P1 H1

ihjh]hf mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky, dZd mdZaZgh \ur_, ih kijZ\hqguf ^Zgguf, ijb\h^bfuf \ eZ[hjZlhjghc jZ[hl_ ‹15. >ebgZ hle_lZ kljmb li gZ i_j\hf \h^h[h_ \uqbkey_lky ih nhjfme_ (19.12) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g__ J1 \f_klh J .

>ebgZ i_j\h]h \h^h[hy [_a mq_lZ lhesbgu \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb / hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_ (19.9).

206

<lhjZy klmi_gv.

Hij_^_ey_lky agZq_gb_ iheghc m^_evghc wg_j]bb ?02 \ k_q_gbb i_j_^ \h^h[hcghc kl_gdhc (gZ i_j\hf \h^h[h_, k_q_gb_ 2-2, jbk. 19.5), \ dhlhjhf ]em[bgZ ihlhdZ m`_ ba\_klgZ - hÝk

]^_ G02 – iheguc gZihj gZ \h^hkeb\_, ij_^klZ\eyxsbf kh[hc \h^h[hcgmx kl_gdm, hg \uqbkey_lky ih nhjfme_

AgZq_gb_ ]em[bgu hk1 \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb gZ \lhjhf \h^h[h_ (k_q_gb_ Kï - Kï, jbk. 19.5) hij_^_ey_lky lZd`_ ih mjZ\g_gbyf (19.3), (19.4), (19.5) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ gbo ?02 \f_klh ?0. Dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb fh`gh ijbgbfZlv 3 = 0,95 – 0,97.

=em[bgZ \h^h[hcgh]h dheh^pZ d0 hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_ (19.8) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g__ hk1 \f_klh hk; [ulh\Zy ]em[bgZ h/ ba\_klgZ ih ^Zgguf baf_j_gbc. >ebgZ ih^i_jlh]h iju`dZ gZ \lhjhf \h^h[h_ hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_ (19.10) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g__ ?02 \f_klh ?0, J2 \f_klh J , G02 \f_klh G0.

AgZq_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ jZkoh^Z \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb m = 0,42. >ebgZ hle_lZ kljmb li gZ \lhjhf \h^h[h_, dh]^Z kljmy i_j_eb\Z_lky q_j_a \h^h[hcgmx kl_gdm,

\uqbkey_lky ih nhjfme_ (19.13) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g__ G02 \f_klh G0 , J2 \f_klh

J . >ebgZ \lhjh]h \h^h[hy hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_ (19.9) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g__ li b li ij, \uqbke_gguo gZ \lhjhf \h^h[h_.

<uqbkey_lky \lhjZy khijy`_ggZy ]em[bgZ hÝk1 gZ \lhjhf \h^h[h_ ih nhjfme_ (19.1) ijb ih^klZgh\d_ \ g__ hk1 \f_klh hc b d0 \f_klh d – ^ey khihklZ\e_gby k hiulghc ]em[bghc.

207

AZl_f khihklZ\eyxlky wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ agZq_gby, hkgh\guo jZaf_jh\

i_j_iZ^Z kh agZq_gbyfb, ih^kqblZggufb ih nhjfmeZf, iml_f gZoh`^_gby ijhp_glZ hldehg_gby ih \ujZ`_gbx

]^_ I – agZq_gb_ ex[h]h bkke_^m_fh]h iZjZf_ljZ; bg^_dk «hi» mdZau\Z_l gZ hiulgh_ agZq_gb_, bg^_dk «\uq» mdZau\Z_l gZ agZq_gb_ iZjZf_ljZ, \uqbke_ggh]h ih khhl\_lkl\mxs_c nhjfme_.

J_amevlZlu h[jZ[hldb wdki_jbf_glZevguo ^Zgguo b \uqbke_gby agZq_gbc bkke_^m_fuo iZjZf_ljh\ aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 19.3. Wlb ^Zggu_ iha\heyxl ZgZebabjh\Zlv jZ[hlm ^\moklmi_gqZlh]h i_j_iZ^Z dheh^_agh]h lbiZ.

208

D ijhlhdhem jZ[hlu ijbeZ]Z_lky jbkmghd fh^_eb i_j_iZ^Z, \uiheg_gguc \ fZkrlZ[_, k bah[jZ`_gb_f k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb ihlhdZ \ ij_^_eZo khhjm`_gby. GZ jbkmgd_ mdZau\Zxlky \k_ hkgh\gu_ jZaf_ju fh^_eb. K\h[h^gZy ih\_joghklv ihlhdZ kljhblky ih baf_j_gguf hlf_ldZf beb ih \uqbke_gguf ]em[bgZf \ k_q_gbyo.

J:;HL: 20

HIJ?>?E?GB? DHWNNBPB?GL: NBEVLJ:PBB

I?KQ:GH=H =JMGL:

P_ev jZ[hlu. Hij_^_e_gb_ wdki_jbf_glZevguf iml_f dhwnnbpb_glZ nbevljZpbb i_kqZgh]h ]jmglZ k ihfhsvx ijb[hjZ >Zjkb.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

>\b`_gb_ `b^dhklb beb ]ZaZ q_j_a ihjbklmx kj_^m gZau\Z_lky nbevljZpb_c. Bamq_gb_ \hijhkh\ nbevljZpbb ij_^klZ\ey_l [hevrhc ijZdlbq_kdbc bgl_j_k ^ey j_r_gby rbjhdh]h djm]Z bg`_g_jguo aZ^Zq \

209

jZaebqguo h[eZklyo l_ogbdb: \h^hkgZ[`_gbb – ^ey jZkq_lZ ijblhdZ \h^u d dheh^pZf b ^j_gZf; ]b^jhl_ogbq_kdhf b f_ebhjZlb\ghf kljhbl_evkl\_ – ^ey jZkq_lZ jZkoh^h\ b mjh\g_c ]jmglh\uo \h^ ijb hjhr_gbb b hkmr_gbb ihq\, kljhbl_evkl\_ iehlbg, mkljhckl\_ dhleh\Zgh\ b l.^.

?keb `b^dhklv ijb nbevljZpbb h[jZam_l k\h[h^gmx ih\_joghklv \ ]jmgl_

(gZijbf_j, \ iehlbg_), lh lZdmx nbevljZpbx gZau\Zxl [_agZihjghc.

GZihjgZy nbevljZpby bf__l f_klh \ gZihjguo \h^hghkguo ]hjbahglZo, ]^_ ^\b`_gb_ `b^dhklb ijhbkoh^bl aZ kq_l jZaghklb ^Z\e_gbc \ ieZkl_ b kd\Z`bg_ [_a h[jZah\Zgby k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb. NbevljZpby fh`_l [ulv lZd`_ eZfbgZjghc b lmj[me_glghc, mklZgh\b\r_cky b g_mklZgh\b\r_cky.

:.>Zjkb bkke_^h\Ze nbevljZpbx \h^u gZ hiulghc mklZgh\d_, ij_^klZ\eyxs_c kh[hc \_jlbdZevguc khkm^ ihklhyggh]h k_q_gby, aZiheg_gguc i_kdhf. Q_j_a i_khd ijhimkdZeZkv \h^Z ijb ihklhygghc \h \j_f_gb jZaghklb gZihjh\. LhesbgZ kehy i_kdZ, _]h njZdpbhgguc khklZ\ b jZaghklv gZihjh\ \ jZaguo hiulZo [ueb jZaebqgu.

;ueh wdki_jbf_glZevgh mklZgh\e_gh, qlh aZ\bkbfhklv jZkoh^Z hl ihl_jv gZihjZ bf__l ke_^mxsbc \b^

]^_ k - dhwnnbpb_gl nbevljZpbb `b^dhklb; & – «]_hf_ljbq_kdZy» iehsZ^v

ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby h[jZapZ ]jmglZ, \dexqZxsZy iehsZ^v ihj &ihj b iehsZ^v

qZklbp &qZkl (& = &ihj + &qZkl); J – ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc mdehg, ij_^klZ\eyxsbc

210

Wlh mkeh\gZy kdhjhklv nbevljZpbb, lZd dZd \ ijZdlbq_kdbo aZ^ZqZo m^h[g__ kqblZlv, qlh nbevljZpby ijhbkoh^bl dZd [u q_j_a \k_ k_q_gb_ ]jmglZ, \dexqZy l\_j^u_ qZklbpu.

NbevljZpby `b^dhklb \ dZ`^hf k_q_gbb ijhbkoh^bl lhevdh q_j_a iehsZ^v ihj &ihj, ihwlhfm bklbggZy kdhjhklv nbevljZpbb V^ jZ\gZ

Q

V^ Zihj . (20.3)

BklbggZy kdhjhklv nbevljZpbb V^ \k_]^Z [hevr_ kdhjhklb nbevljZpbb V b bo \aZbfhk\yav mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky aZ\bkbfhklvx

Dhwnnbpb_gl nbevljZpbb k aZ\bkbl hl \_ebqbgu b nhjfu a_j_g ]jmglZ,

gZebqby ]ebgbkluo qZklbp, iehlghklb b \yadhklb nbevljmxs_c `b^dhklb b _z l_fi_jZlmju.

AZdhg >Zjkb kijZ\_^eb\ ^ey eZfbgZjgh]h ^\b`_gby, dhlhjh_ rbjhdh

jZkijhkljZg_gh \ ijbjh^guo mkeh\byo.

Ijb lmj[me_glghf j_`bf_ ^\b`_gby gZ[ex^Z_lky hldehg_gb_ hl ebg_cgh]h aZdhgZ. A^_kv kdhjhklv nbevljZpbb ijyfh ijhihjpbhgZevgZ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhfm

mdehgm \ kl_i_gb ½.

Kf_rZggh_ eZfbgZjgh-lmj[me_glgh_ ^\b`_gb_ qZs_ \k_]h \ujZ`Z_lky

211

]^_ Z b \ – iZjZf_lju, aZ\bkysb_ hl k\hckl\ ihjbklhc kj_^u b nbevljmxs_cky `b^dhklb.

Kdhjhklv nbevljZpbb ijb dhlhjhc ijhbkoh^bl gZjmr_gb_ aZdhgZ >Zjkb gZau\Zxl djblbq_kdhc kdhjhklvx b h[hagZqZxl Vdj. ?z agZq_gb_ fh`gh hij_^_eblv wdki_jbf_glZevgh ih ]jZnbdm V=f(J) \ lhqd_ _]h aZf_lgh]h hldehg_gby hl ijyfhc ebgbb [2]. Ke_^h\Zl_evgh, hiulu ijh\h^yl ^h l_o ihj, ihdZ ijyfZy g_ i_j_c^_l \ djb\mx.

Dhwnnbpb_gl nbevljZpbb ]jmglZ fh`_l [ulv hij_^_e_g:

1) eZ[hjZlhjguf iml_f k ihfhsvx ijb[hjh\ >Zjkb, DZf_gkdh]h, Lbf_,

DZi_pdh]h [1];

2)\ ihe_\uo mkeh\byo \ _]h _kl_kl\_gghf khklhygbb;

3)jZkq_lguf f_lh^hf ih ^Zgguf ]jZgmehf_ljbq_kdh]h khklZ\Z k ihfhsvx jZkq_lguo nhjfme.

Mqblu\Zy, qlh wfibjbq_kdb_ jZkq_lgu_ nhjfmeu bf_xl madb_ ij_^_eu ijbf_gbfhklb, bo bkihevah\Zgb_ g_p_e_khh[jZagh, l_f [he__, qlh bf_xlky ^hklZlhqgh ijhklu_ ijb[hju ^ey g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h hij_^_e_gby dhwnnbpb_glZ nbevljZpbb.

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

Wdki_jbf_glZevgZy mklZgh\dZ – ijb[hj >Zjkb (jbk.20.1) khklhbl ba \_jlbdZevghc dhehgdb ijyfhm]hevgh]h beb djm]eh]h k_q_gby iehsZ^vx & k ]emobf aZdjuluf ^ghf. < gb`g_c qZklb dhehgdb gZ g_dhlhjhc \ukhl_ hl ^gZ aZdj_ie_gZ f_lZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ, dhlhjZy jZa^_ey_l dhehgdm gZ ^\_ qZklb. < \_jogxx qZklv aZ]jm`Z_lky ]jmgl, \ gb`g_c – jZkiheZ]Z_lky djZg ^ey j_]mebjh\Zgby nbevljZpbhggh]h jZkoh^Z.