praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

]^_ M – djmlysbc fhf_gl gZ \Zem gZkhkZ, Gf; & – m]eh\Zy kdhjhklv \jZs_gby \ZeZ, k-1.

=HKL 6134-87 ^himkdZ_l hij_^_e_gb_ fhsghklb gZkhkZ N iml_f baf_j_gby fhsghklb ijb\h^ys_]h we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey (W>) k ihke_^mxsbf mq_lhf _]h DI> ijb jZ[hl_ gZ aZ^Zgghf j_`bf_. < wlhf kemqZ_ \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey jZkq_lZ N bf__l \b^

]^_ ^\ – DI> W>, hij_^_ey_fuc ih ]jZnbdm aZ\bkbfhklb _]h hl gZ]jmadb W>; i - DI> i_j_^Zqb; ijb g_ihkj_^kl\_gghf kh_^bg_gbb gZkhkZ k W> i = 1; Wwe – fhsghklv, ihlj_[ey_fZy W> ba k_lb, d<l.

Hlghr_gb_ fhsghkl_c Ni b N gZau\Z_lky DI> gZkhkZ

N

273

OZjZdl_jbklbdb gZkhkZ, ihemq_ggu_ ^ey hij_^_e_gghc qZklhlu \jZs_gby \ZeZ n, fh]ml [ulv i_j_kqblZgu gZ ex[mx ^jm]mx qZklhlm \jZs_gby n1 ih nhjfmeZf l_hjbb ih^h[by

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

Wdki_jbf_glZevgZy mklZgh\dZ (jbk. 26.3) \dexqZ_l ke_^mxsb_ hkgh\gu_ we_f_glu: gZkhk, we_dljh^\b]Zl_ev, \kZku\Zxsmx b gZ]g_lZl_evgmx ebgbb, gZihjguc [Zd, baf_jbl_evgmx ZiiZjZlmjm.

Jbk. 26.3

274

GZkhk 1 kh_^bg_g k we_dljh^\b]Zl_e_f 2 ijb ihfhsb mijm]hc fmnlu. GZ \kZku\Zxs_c ebgbb 3 gZkhkZ kfhglbjh\Zgh ijb_fgh_ mkljhckl\h 4, khklhys__ ba h[jZlgh]h deZiZgZ b ij_^hojZgbl_evghc k_ldb. Djhf_ lh]h, gZ \kZku\Zxs_c ebgbb mklZgh\e_gZ j_]mebjmxsZy aZ^\b`dZ 5. GZ gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgbb 6 mklZgh\e_gu j_]mebjmxsZy aZ^\b`dZ 7 b jZkoh^hf_j (ljm[Z <_glmjb) 8.

GZihjguc [Zd 9, bkihevam_fuc ^ey ijb_fZ \h^u, hihjh`gy_lky ijb ihfhsb keb\ghc ljm[u 10, kgZ[`_gghc aZ^\b`dhc 11.

>ey ih^^_j`Zgby ihklhyggh]h gZihjZ b ij_^mij_`^_gby i_j_iheg_gby \ [Zd_ bf__lky ohehklhc k[jhk, khklhysbc ba ljm[u 12 b dhgbq_kdhc \hjhgdb 13.

Baf_jbl_evgZy ZiiZjZlmjZ \dexqZ_l \Zdmmff_lj 14, fZghf_lj 15,

^bnn_j_gpbZevguc fZghf_lj 16, ijbkh_^bg_gguc d jZkoh^hf_jm 8. Baf_j_gb_ qZklhlu \jZs_gby \ZeZ jZ[hq_]h dhe_kZ hkms_kl\ey_lky k ihfhsvx we_dljhggh]h lZohf_ljZ 17. Hij_^_e_gb_ fhsghklb gZkhkZ N ijhba\h^blky dhk\_gguf iml_f – ih ih^\_^_gghc fhsghklb we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ d h[fhldZf we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey. >ey baf_j_gby wlhc fhsghklb bkihevam_lky lj_onZaguc \Zllf_lj 18.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.I_j_^ aZimkdhf kl_g^Z \ jZ[hlm hldju\Z_lky aZ^\b`dZ 7 gZ gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgbb 6 b ijhba\h^blky aZiheg_gb_ gZkhkZ 1 \h^hc.

2.<dexqZ_lky gZkhk. >ey bkdexq_gby i_j_]jmadb we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey i_j_^ imkdhf gZkhkZ ijhba\h^yl aZdjulb_ aZ^\b`db 7.

3.Ijb aZdjulhc aZ^\b`d_ 7 kgbfZxlky ihdZaZgby \Zdmmff_ljZ 14,

fZghf_ljZ 15, ^bnfZghf_ljZ 16, lZohf_ljZ 17, \Zllf_ljZ 18.

4. Iml_f ihke_^h\Zl_evgh]h hldjulby aZ^\b`db 7 mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky 7…9

^jm]bo j_`bfh\ jZ[hlu gZkhkZ b ^ey dZ`^h]h ba gbo ijhba\h^yl l_ `_ aZf_ju, qlh [ueb i_j_qbke_gu \ i.3.

275

5. >ey ihemq_gby gZ^_`guo j_amevlZlh\ j_dhf_g^m_lky ih\lhjblv hiulu ihke_^h\Zl_evgh \ h[jZlghf ihjy^d_ (^h ihegh]h aZdjulby aZ^\b`db 7). <k_ j_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc \ghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 26.1. (< ijb\_^_gghf \b^_ lZ[e. 26.1 ij_^mkfZljb\Z_l hij_^_e_gb_ gZihjZ gZkhkZ ih \ujZ`_gbx 26.4).

6. Ihke_ ijh\_^_gby bkiulZgbc ijhba\h^blky hldexq_gb_ gZkhkZ 1 b \Zllf_ljZ 18.

Ijbf_qZgby: FZjdZ gZkhkZ –

>bZf_lj \kZku\Zxs_c ebgbb d< =

>bZf_lj gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgbb dg =

<_jlbdZevgh_ jZkklhygb_ f_`^m hlf_ldhc iheh`_gby fZghf_ljZ b lhqdhc ih^dexq_gby \Zdmmf_ljZ h0 =

DI> we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey ^\ =

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1.Ih jZaghklb h ihdZaZgbc ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h fZghf_ljZ,

ih^dexq_ggh]h d jZkoh^hf_jm <_glmjb, b ih lZjbjh\hqghfm ]jZnbdm Q = f(h)

hij_^_ey_lky ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ Q (e/k).

2.Ih nhjfme_ (26.4) jZkkqblu\Z_lky gZihj G, jZa\b\Z_fuc gZkhkhf (f).

3.Ih nhjfme_ (26.5) hij_^_ey_lky ihe_agZy fhsghklv gZkhkZ Ni (d<l).

4.Ih nhjfme_ (26.7) k bkihevah\Zgb_f ]jZnbq_kdhc aZ\bkbfhklb DI> we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey hl ih^\_^_gghc d g_fm fhsghklb, hij_^_ey_lky fhsghklv gZkhkZ N (d<l).

5.Ih nhjfme_ (26.8) hij_^_ey_lky iheguc DI> gZkhkZ . <k_ j_amevlZlu jZkq_lZ \ghkylky \ lZ[e. 26.1.

6.GZ hkgh\Zgbb j_amevlZlh\ \uqbke_gbc, ihemq_gguo ^ey aZ^Zgghc

qZklhlu \jZs_gby n jZ[hq_]h dhe_kZ, kljhyl gZihjgmx (G = f(Q)) b

wg_j]_lbq_kdmx (N = f(Q), = f(Q)) oZjZdl_jbklbdb gZkhkZ. Ijb ihkljh_gbb

276

]jZnbdh\ oZjZdl_jbklbd ke_^m_l hjb_glbjh\Zlvky gZ h[jZa_p, ijb\_^_gguc gZ jbk. 26.1.

7. GZ ]jZnbdZo mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky hilbfZevgu_ agZq_gby iZjZf_ljh\ (gZihjZ

(Hhil), ih^Zqb (Qhil), fhsghklb (Nhil) gZkhkZ, khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ j_`bfm jZ[hlm k fZdkbfZevguf DI> fZo. A^_kv `_ ihdZau\Z_lky jZ[hqbc bgl_j\Ze wdkiemZlZpbb gZkhkZ, \ jZfdZo dhlhjh]h \_ebqbgZ fZdkbfZevgh]h DI> fZo kgb`Z_lky g_ [he__, q_f gZ 10%.

8.Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb ihkljh_gby oZjZdl_jbklbd gZkhkZ ^ey ^jm]hc qZklhlu \jZs_gby n, ijhba\h^yl i_j_kq_l iZjZf_ljh\ Q, H, N ih nhjfmeZf ih^h[by

(26.9).

277

LZ[ebpZ 27.1

278

J:;HL: 27

D:<BL:PBHGGU? BKIUL:GBY P?GLJH;?@GH=H G:KHK:

P_ev jZ[hlu.1. >_fhgkljZpby gZ eZ[hjZlhjghf kl_g^_ \g_rgbo ijbagZdh\ \hagbdgh\_gby dZ\blZpbb ijb jZ[hl_ p_gljh[_`gh]h gZkhkZ.

2. Ihkljh_gb_ dZ\blZpbhgghc oZjZdl_jbklbdb b hij_^_e_gb_ ^himklbfuo agZq_gbc dZ\blZpbhggh]h aZiZkZ b \ukhlu \kZku\Zgby gZkhkZ.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

DZ\blZpb_c gZau\Z_lky y\e_gb_ \kdbiZgby `b^dhklb ijb ihgb`_gbb ^Z\e_gby ^h ^Z\e_gby gZkus_gguo iZjh\ i_j_dZqb\Z_fhc `b^dhklb.

<kdbiZgb_ `b^dhklb khijh\h`^Z_lky h[jZah\Zgb_f dZ\_jg (iZjh\uo b ]Zah\uo imauj_c), dhlhju_ m\e_dZxlky ihlhdhf \ h[eZklv ih\ur_ggh]h ^Z\e_gby, ]^_ ijhbkoh^bl bo dhg^_gkZpby. Ijb dhg^_gkZpbb bf__l f_klh ^\b`_gb_ qZklbp `b^dhklb k \hajZklZxs_c kdhjhklvx d p_gljm dZ\_jgu. Ijb ^hklb`_gbb p_gljZ dZ\_jgu ijhbkoh^bl khm^Zj_gb_ qZklbp, khijh\h`^Z_fh_ j_adbf ih\ur_gb_f ^Z\e_gby (]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc m^Zj). Ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo m^Zjh\, ijhl_dZxsbo k \ukhdhc qZklhlhc, ijhbkoh^bl f_klgh_ jZajmr_gb_

(wjhaby) jZ[hq_c ih\_joghklb gZkhkgh]h dhe_kZ, qlh y\ey_lky gZb[he__ hiZkguf ke_^kl\b_f dZ\blZpbb.

IjZ\bevgZy mklZgh\dZ gZkhkZ hlghkbl_evgh mjh\gy jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb \ [Zd_, \u[hj jZaf_jh\ b iZjZf_ljh\ ihlhdZ \h \kZku\Zxs_f ljm[hijh\h^_ ^he`gu h[_ki_qb\Zlv jZ[hlm gZkhkZ \ [_kdZ\blZpbhgghf j_`bf_.

>ey bkdexq_gby dZ\blZpbb g_h[oh^bfh qlh[u Z[khexlgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk j\o [ueh \ur_ ^Z\e_gby gZkus_gguo iZjh\ jg.i. i_j_dZqb\Z_fhc `b^dhklb.

279

GZ hkgh\Zgbb mjZ\g_gby >.;_jgmeeb aZ\bkbfhklv ^ey hij_^_e_gby ^Z\e_gby j\o bf__l \b^

]^_ j0 - Z[khexlgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ \ ijb_fghf j_a_j\mZj_ (qZs_ \k_]h jZ\gh Zlfhkn_jghfm ^Z\e_gbx); G\ – \ukhlZ \kZku\Zgby; V\ - kdhjhklv `b^dhklb gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk; hlj.\k - ihl_jb gZihjZ \h \kZku\Zxs_c ebgbb.

Ba mjZ\g_gby (27.1) \b^gh, qlh ih\ur_gb_ \ukhlu \kZku\Zgby G\ b ihl_jv gZihjZ hlj.\k ijb\h^bl d kgb`_gbx ^Z\e_gby j\o gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk. Ijb ^hklZlhqgh [hevrbo agZq_gbyo \ukhlu \kZku\Zgby b khijhlb\e_gby \kZku\Zxs_c ebgbb ^Z\e_gb_ gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk klZgh\blky gZklhevdh fZeuf, qlh klZgh\blky jZ\guf ^Z\e_gbx gZkus_gguo iZjh\ jg.i, ijb dhlhjhf \hagbdZ_l dZ\blZpby.

K.K.Jm^g_\uf [ueh ij_^eh`_gh ^ey hij_^_e_gby ghjfZevguo mkeh\bc jZ[hlu gZkhkZ bkihevah\Zlv ihgylby ^himkdZ_fh]h dZ\blZpbhggh]h aZiZkZ

(>DA) ûh. Ih^ >DA ûh ihgbfZxl ij_\ur_gb_ ihegh]h gZihjZ `b^dhklb gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk gZ^ gZihjhf, dhlhjuc khhl\_lkl\m_l ^Z\e_gbx gZkus_ggh]h iZjZ jg.i i_j_dZqb\Z_fhc `b^dhklb ijb jZ[hq_c l_fi_jZlmj_

<ijZdlbd_ wdkiemZlZpbb ehiZklguo ]b^jhfZrbg gZjy^m k ûh

bkihevam_lky b lZdhc iZjZf_lj dZd djblbq_kdbc dZ\blZpbhgguc aZiZk ûhdj, khhl\_lkl\mxsbc fhf_glm gZqZeZ dZ\blZpbb \ ihlhd_ `b^dhklb. >ey hij_^_e_gby dZ\blZpbhgguo dZq_kl\ gZkhkZ ijh\h^yl _]h bkiulZgby, ih j_amevlZlZf dhlhjuo ihemqZxl dZ\blZpbhggmx oZjZdl_jbklbdm (jbk.27.1).

280

Jbk. 27.1

HgZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc aZ\bkbfhklb gZihjZ G, fhsghklb N, DI> hl >DA ûh ijb ihklhygguo agZq_gbyo ih^Zqb gZkhkZ Q b qZklhlu \jZs_gby n jZ[hq_]h dhe_kZ. Ijb ^hklZlhqgh [hevrbo agZq_gbyo >DA ûh ihdZaZl_eb gZkhkZ (G, N, ) khojZgyxlky ihklhyggufb. H^gZdh ijb ^hklb`_gbb djblbq_kdh]h agZq_gby >DA (ûhdj) wlb ihdZaZl_eb mf_gvrZxlky. GZ dZ\blZpbhgghc oZjZdl_jbklbd_ h[uqgh jZaebqZxl ^\Z djblbq_kdbo j_`bfZ dZ\blZpbb - i_j\uc b \lhjhc ijb agZq_gbyo ûhdj1 b ûhdj2 khhl\_lkl\_ggh.

I_j\uc djblbq_kdbc j_`bf khhl\_lkl\m_l fhf_glm gZqZeZ dZ\blZpbb \ gZkhk_ b hij_^_ey_lky ih gZqZem kgb`_gby gZihjZ, fhsghklb b DI>. <lhjhc j_`bf

(ijb ûhdj2) khhl\_lkl\m_l fhf_glm kju\Z jZ[hlu gZkhkZ b oZjZdl_jbam_lky gZqZehf j_adh]h iZ^_gby gZihjZ, fhsghklb, DI> b ih^Zqb. ?keb ijb wdkiemZlZpbb gZkhkZ g_h[oh^bfh bkdexqblv dZ\blZpbhgguc j_`bf, lh \ wlhf kemqZ_ aZ gZbf_gvrbc dZ\blZpbhgguc aZiZk ijbgbfZ_lky agZq_gb_ ûhdj1.

281

Djblbq_kdbc dZ\blZpbhgguc aZiZk fh`_l [ulv jZkkqblZg ih nhjfme_ K.K.Jm^g_\Z

]^_ n - qZklhlZ \jZs_gby jZ[hq_]h dhe_kZ, fbg-1 ; Q – ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ, f3/k;

K- dZ\blZpbhgguc dhwnnbpb_gl [ukljhoh^ghklb (K = 800 – 1000 ^ey ûhdj1 b K

=1300 –1500 ^ey ûhdj2).

GZ ijZdlbd_, \\b^m keh`ghklb mq_lZ \k_o nZdlhjh\, gZagZqZxl g_[hevrh_ ij_\ur_gb_ ^himklbfh]h dZ\blZpbhggh]h aZiZkZ gZ^ djblbq_kdbf. H[uqgh wlh ij_\ur_gb_ ijbgbfZ_lky jZ\guf

LZdbf h[jZahf, ^ey h[_ki_q_gby ghjfZevghc jZ[hlu gZkhkZ g_h[oh^bfh, qlh[u

IjbgbfZy \h \gbfZgb_ mkeh\b_ (27.5) ba \ujZ`_gby (27.2) ke_^m_l

Ijh\_^y ij_h[jZah\Zgb_ aZ\bkbfhklb (27.1) k mq_lhf \ujZ`_gby (27.6) ihemqbf nhjfmem ^ey jZkq_lZ ^himklbfhc \ukhlu \kZku\Zgby H\^hi , ijb dhlhjhc h[_ki_qb\Z_lky mkeh\b_ [_kdZ\blZpbhgghc jZ[hlu gZkhkZ. >ey kemqZy aZ[hjZ `b^dhklb ba hldjulh]h j_a_j\mZjZ