praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

182

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.Ihke_ \dexq_gby gZkhkZ, ih^Zxs_]h \h^m \ gZihjguc [Zd, hldjulb_f j_]mebjmxs_c aZ^\b`db gZ iblZxs_f ljm[hijh\h^_ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky g_h[oh^bfuc jZkoh^ \h^u \ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhf ehld_.

2.K bkihevah\Zgb_f baf_jbl_evgh]h \h^hkeb\Z, mklZgh\e_ggh]h \ f_jghf ehld_, baf_jy_lky jZkoh^ \h^u (ih^jh[g__ kf. jZ[hlm 4) b ^Zggu_ ih baf_j_gbx jZkoh^Z aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 18.1.

3.K ihfhsvx aZl\hjZ - `Zexab, mklZgh\e_ggh]h \ dhgp_ ehldZ \ gb`g_f [v_n_, mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ]em[bgZ ihlhdZ h[, g_h[oh^bfZy ^ey h[jZah\Zgby hlh]gZggh]h kh\_jr_ggh]h ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h iju`dZ.

4.Ijb mklZgh\b\r_fky ^\b`_gbb \h^u gZ [ukljhlhd_ b]hevqZluf mjh\g_f_jhf nbdkbjmxlky hlf_ldb ^gZ fh^_eb b k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb gZ \oh^_, \ k_q_gbyo 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 b gZ \uoh^_ k \h^hkdZlZ. H^gh\j_f_ggh baf_jyxlky jZkklhygby hl \oh^gh]h k_q_gby gZ \h^hkdZl_ ^h k_q_gbc 1-1, 2-2, 3-3

b \uoh^gh]h k_q_gby. JZkklhygb_ L hl \oh^gh]h ^h \uoh^gh]h k_q_gby _klv ^ebgZ

\h^hkdZlZ.

183

Ih jZaghklb hlf_lhd hij_^_eyxlky ]em[bgu h \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo k_q_gbyo b mdehg ^gZ [ukljhlhdZ i . J_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc b ih^kq_lh\ aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 18.3.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

184

2. <uqbkeyxl djblbq_kdbc mdehg ^gZ ih nhjfme_

]^_ b– rbjbgZ fh^_eb (ehldZ) [ukljhlhdZ; $ - kfhq_gguc i_jbf_lj ijb ]em[bg_ ihlhdZ, jZ\ghc djblbq_kdhc ]em[bg_ hd, dhlhjZy \uqbkey_lky ih nhjfme_,

D # 1- dhwnnbpb_gl DhjbhebkZ (dhjj_dlb\ dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb); g – mkdhj_gb_ kbeu ly`_klb; Kd – dhwnnbpb_gl R_ab, \uqbkey_fuc ijb djblbq_kdhc ]em[bg_ ih nhjfme_

n – dhwnnbpb_gl r_jhoh\Zlhklb \h^hkdZlZ, agZq_gb_ dhlhjh]h mklZgZ\eb\Zxl ih kijZ\hqguf ^Zgguf [30,35]; R – ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc jZ^bmk, hij_^_ey_fuc ih nhjfme_ ijb djblbq_kdhc ]em[bg_,

&d – iehsZ^v `b\h]h k_q_gby, ijb djblbq_kdhc ]em[bg_

185

q - m^_evguc jZkoh^, jZ\guc Q/b .

J_amevlZlu \uqbke_gbc aZghkyl \ lZ[ebpm 18.4.

3. Hij_^_eyxl agZq_gby ghjfZevghc ]em[bgu h0 ]jZnbq_kdbf kihkh[hf, bkihevamy mjZ\g_gb_ b

aZf_j_ggu_ agZq_gby jZkoh^Z \h^u Qi rbjbgu [ukljhlhdZ b b mdehgZ [ukljhlhdZ i. >ey wlh]h aZ^Zxlky ijhba\hevgufb agZq_gbyfb ]em[bgu h0 , ih dhlhjhc \uqbkeyxl iZjZf_lju, \oh^ysb_ \ nhjfmem (18.8), b jZkoh^ \h^u Q, ^h[b\Zykv jZ\_gkl\Z \uqbke_ggh]h jZkoh^Z baf_j_gghfm jZkoh^m. J_amevlZlu \uqbke_gbc aZghkyl \ lZ[ebpm 18.5.

Ih ^Zgguf lZ[ebpu 18.5 kljhblky ]jZnbd k\yab Q = f(h) gZ fbeebf_ljh\hc

[mfZ]_, jbk. 18.3.

Jbk. 18.3

Ih baf_j_gghfm jZkoh^m Qbaf kgbfZxl k ]jZnbdZ bkdhfmx ghjfZevgmx

]em[bgm gZ \h^hkdZl_ h0.

4. KjZ\gb\Zxl hiulgh_ b \uqbke_ggh_ agZq_gby mdehgh\ ^gZ fh^_eb

[ukljhlhdZ i c djblbq_kdbf mdehghf Id; ]em[bgu gZ \oh^_ [ukljhlhdZ h\o k

djblbq_kdhc ]em[bghc hd, lZd dZd gZ \oh^ghc qZklb [ukljhlhdZ kihdhcguc ihlhd

i_j_oh^bl \ [mjguc b wlh y\e_gb_ khijh\h`^Z_lky i_j_oh^hf q_j_a djblbq_kdmx

187

]em[bgm; ]em[bgu gZ \uoh^_ [ukljhlhdZ h\uo k ghjfZevghc ]em[bghc h0 , lZd dZd \ ij_^_e_ g_jZ\ghf_jgh_ ^\b`_gb_ \h^u \ujh`^Z_lky \ jZ\ghf_jgh_, dhlhjhfm k\hckl\_ggZ ghjfZevgZy ]em[bgZ. J_amevlZlu \ghkyl \ lZ[ebpm 18.6.

5. Hij_^_eyxl ]em[bgu hl l_hj_lbq_kdhc djb\hc k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb \ k_q_gbyo 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 b \uoh^ghf ih \ujZ`_gbx, ihemqZ_fhfm gZ hkgh\_ mjZ\g_gby ;_jgmeeb

M - dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb, agZq_gb_ dhlhjh]h fh`gh hij_^_eylv ih mjZ\g_gbx

188

Jbk. 18.4

J_amevlZlu jZkq_lZ \ghkyl \ lZ[ebpu 18.7 b 18.8.

6. Ih hiulguf ^Zgguf \ fZkrlZ[_ \uq_jqb\Zxl gZ fbeebf_ljh\hc [mfZ]_

ko_fm [ukljhlhdZ k ebgbyfb djblbq_kdhc (D-D) b ghjfZevghc (N-N) ]em[bg b ih

189

hiulguf b l_hj_lbq_kdbf ]em[bgZf \ k_q_gbyo kljhyl h[_ djb\u_ k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb \h^u gZ \h^hkdZl_ (hiulgmx b l_hj_lbq_kdmx). Hij_^_eyxl lbi djb\hc.

7. < p_eyo khihklZ\e_gby djb\uo \uqbkeyxl hldehg_gby \ % hj^bgZl 'h l_hj_lbq_kdhc djb\hc k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb \h^u hl hj^bgZl hiulghc djb\hc b j_amevlZlu \ghkyl \ lZ[ebpm 18.10

J:;HL: 19

BAMQ?GB? ><B@?GBY <H>U < IJ?>?E:O ><MOKLMI?GQ:LH=H I?J?I:>: DHEH>?AGH=H LBI: B IJH<?JD: MKEH<BC KHHL<?LKL<BY FH>?EB KHHJM@?GBY IJHIMKD:?FHFM J:KOH>M <H>GH=H IHLHD:

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. GZ[ex^_gb_ ^\b`_gby ihlhdZ gZ fh^_eb i_j_iZ^Z ijb jZaebqguo k[jhkguo jZkoh^Zo, dh]^Z ^ebgZ klmi_g_c ^hklZlhqgZ, b \ kemqZ_, dh]^Z ^ebgZ bo g_^hklZlhqgZ.

2. Ih^[hj hkgh\guo jZaf_jh\ fh^_eb i_j_iZ^Z, \ gZb[hevr_c f_j_ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo hiulghfm jZkoh^m \ mkeh\byo ghjfZevghc jZ[hlu i_j_iZ^Z.

190

3.<uiheg_gb_ baf_j_gbc, g_h[oh^bfuo ^ey ihkljh_gby ijh^hevgh]h ijhnbey k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb ihlhdZ \ ij_^_eZo i_j_iZ^Z ijb hiulghf jZkoh^_.

4.Ijh\_jdZ gZ hkgh\_ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h jZkq_lZ hkgh\guo jZaf_jh\ fh^_eb i_j_iZ^Z ijb hiulghf jZkoh^_ \h^u.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

I_j_iZ^u mkljZb\Zxlky gZ dZgZeZo, ijhe_]Zxsbo gZ f_klghklb k [hevrbf mdehghf. ;eZ]h^Zjy mkljhckl\m i_j_iZ^Z fh`gh mf_gvrblv \_ebqbgm mdehgZ ^gZ dZgZeZ b l_f kZfuf kgbablv \ g_f kdhjhklv ^\b`_gby \h^u. Bgh]^Z i_j_iZ^u \oh^yl \ dhfie_dk ]b^jhl_ogbq_kdbo khhjm`_gbc jZaebqgh]h gZagZq_gby. Ijb khhjm`_gbb Z\lhfh[bevguo ^hjh] i_j_iZ^u ijbf_gyxlky \ dx\_lZo gZ dhkh]hjZo, gZ \uoh^_ ihlhdZ ba-ih^ fhklh\ b ljm[, ijb k[jhk_ \h^u ba \h^hhl\h^guo dZgZeh\ \ ihgb`_ggu_ f_klZ b l.i. < aZ\bkbfhklb hl \ukhlu iZ^_gby f_klghklb i_j_iZ^u fh]ml [ulv h^ghklmi_gqZlufb b fgh]hklmi_gqZlufb, dheh^_agh]h b [_kdheh^_agh]h lbiZ. < f_klghklv emqr_ \ibku\Zxlky i_j_iZ^u dheh^_agh]h lbiZ.

>\moklmi_gqZluc i_j_iZ^ dheh^_agh]h lbiZ ij_^klZ\e_g gZ jbk. 19.1.

?]h hkgh\gufb we_f_glZfb y\eyxlky: Z) \oh^gZy qZklv, ij_^klZ\eyxsZy kh[hc h[uqgh \h^hkeb\ k rbjhdbf ihjh]hf beb \h^hkeb\ ijZdlbq_kdh]h ijhnbey; [) kl_gdZ iZ^_gby j, dhlhjZy fh`_l [ulv \_jlbdZevghc, gZdehgghc b djb\hebg_cghc; _z \ukhlZ gZagZqZ_lky jZ\ghc 0,3-1,0 f, Z bgh]^Z b ^h 3 f b dhgdj_lgh aZ\bkbl hl f_klguo mkeh\bc, l._. hl \hafh`ghklb \ibkZlv khhjm`_gb_ \ f_klghklv; \) \h^h[hcgZy qZklv (\h^h[hc) ijh_dlbjm_lky ]hjbahglZevghc, gh fh`_l [ulv b k ijyfuf mdehghf; \ dhgp_ \h^h[hy mkljZb\Z_lky \h^h[hcgZy kl_gdZ jkl, dhlhjZy ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc qZs_ \k_]h \h^hkeb\ ijZdlbq_kdh]h ijhnbey; ]) \uoh^gZy qZklv ij_^klZ\e_gZ \h^h[hcguf dheh^p_f k mklmihf (beb \h^h[hcghc kl_gdhc).

Jbk. 19.1

191