praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

212

Jbk. 20.1

<_jogyy qZklv dhehgdb bf__l ljb hl\_jklby kh rlmp_jZfb, d dhlhjuf ih^dexq_gu 3 iv_ahf_ljZ (‹1, ‹2, ‹3). Kh klhjhgu ]jmglZ hl\_jklby aZdjulu f_lZeebq_kdhc k_ldhc.

<k_ iv_ahf_lju \u\_^_gu gZ sblhd, gmev rdZeu dhlhjh]h kh\iZ^Z_l k iehkdhklvx kjZ\g_gby 0-0, jZkiheh`_gghc gb`_ hkgh\Zgby ijb[hjZ. JZkklhygby f_`^m iv_ahf_ljZfb h^bgZdh\u_ b jZ\gu l.

< \_jog_c qZklb dhehgdb \iZygZ ljm[dZ \ ^ey ih^^_j`Zgby gZ ihklhygghc \ukhl_ mjh\gy \h^u \ ijb[hj_.

Ih^\h^ \h^u hkms_kl\ey_lky ih ljm[d_ Z. Ijhnbevljh\Z\rZyky \h^Z keb\Z_lky ih ljm[d_ k q_j_a djZgbd k \ f_jguc khkm^.

213

Ijb ijh\_^_gbb hiulh\, djhf_ ijb[hjZ >Zjkb, g_h[oh^bfh bf_lv:

k_dmg^hf_j; l_jfhf_lj; f_jguc khkm^ h[t_fhf 500 kf3.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.Ih ljm[d_ Z ba kbkl_fu \h^hkgZ[`_gby ih^Zxl \h^m \ dhehgdm k bkiulm_fuf ]jmglhf. Ijh\h^yl ijh\_jdm jZ[hlu iv_ahf_ljh\. Ijb aZdjulhf djZg_ k mjh\gb \h^u \h \k_o lj_o iv_ahf_ljZo ^he`gu gZoh^blvky gZ h^ghc b lhc `_ hlf_ld_.

2.Ih^]hlh\b\ ijb[hj d jZ[hl_, hldju\Zxl djZg k b ihke_ mklZgh\e_gby g_baf_ggh]h \h \j_f_gb iheh`_gby mjh\gy \h^u \ iv_ahf_ljZo ijb nbevljZpbb \h^u q_j_a ]jmgl ijhba\h^yl baf_j_gb_ jZkoh^Z h[t_fguf kihkh[hf ijb ihfhsb f_jgh]h khkm^Z b k_dmg^hf_jZ.

3.Hij_^_eyxlky ihdZaZgby iv_ahf_ljh\, dhlhju_ khhl\_lkl\_ggh jZ\gu ihl_gpbZevguf gZihjZf

4.J_]mebjmxsbf djZgbdhf ihke_^h\Zl_evgh mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky g_kdhevdh jZaebqguo nbevljZpbhgguo jZkoh^h\, b \k_ baf_j_gby ih\lhjyxlky aZgh\h.

5.< dZ`^hf hiul_ l_jfhf_ljhf hij_^_ey_lky l_fi_jZlmjZ \h^u.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Ih h[t_fm W \ f_jghf khkm^_ b \j_f_gb t ^ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ ih^kqblu\Z_lky nbevljZpbhgguc jZkoh^ Q W t b ^Ze__ kj_^gyy kdhjhklv

Q nbevljZpbb V Z .

214

2. Baf_jyxl ihdZaZgby iv_ahf_ljh\ G1 , G2 , G3 b hij_^_eyxl ihl_jb gZihjZ

Jhlj l , ]^_ l – imlv nbevljZpbb.

3.Hij_^_ey_lky djblbq_kdZy kdhjhklv nbevljZpbb Vdj, ijb dhlhjhc ijhbkoh^bl gZjmr_gb_ aZdhgZ >Zjkb ^ey q_]h ih ^Zgguf hiulZ kljhblky ]jZnbd

V=f(J), ]^_ ih hkb hj^bgZl hldeZ^u\Z_lky kdhjhklv V, Z ih hkb Z[kpbkk – ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc mdehg J. Djblbq_kdZy kdhjhklv hij_^_ey_lky ih ]jZnbdm \ lhqd_ aZf_lgh]h hldehg_gby ]jZnbdZ hl ijyfhc ebgbb.

>_ckl\bl_evgZy kdhjhklv V^, khhl\_lkl\mxsZy Vdj hij_^_ey_lky ba

d 100K beb dZdhc eb[h ^jm]hc, \uqbkeyxl b mqblu\Zxl l_fi_jZlmjgmx ihijZ\dm ih nhjfme_ ImZa_cey

LI 1 0,0337L 0,000221L 2 .

Qlh[u ijb\_klb j_amevlZlu hiulZ d g_h[oh^bfhc l_fi_jZlmj_ LIbkd

bkihevamxl aZ\bkbfhklv

215

]^_ kbkd – dhwnnbpb_gl nbevljZpbb ijb\_^_gguc d bkdhfhc l_fi_jZlmj_ Lbkd; k – dhwnnbpb_gl nbevljZpbb, gZc^_gguc ijb nZdlbq_kdhc l_fi_jZlmj_

LnZdl;

LIbkd b LInZdl – l_fi_jZlmjgu_ ihijZ\db, \uqbke_ggu_ khhl\_lkl\_ggh ijb bkdhfhc l_fi_jZlmj_ Lbkd b nZdlbq_kdhc l_fi_jZlmj_ \h \j_fy hiulZ LnZdl.

6. J_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc b \uqbke_gbc \ghkyl \ lZ[ebpm 20.1.

Ih^kqblZggh_ kj_^g__ hiulgh_ agZq_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ nbevljZpbb, khihklZ\ey_lky kh kijZ\hqguf.

217

J:;HL: 21

BKKE?>H<:GB? IEHKDHC G:IHJGHC NBEVLJ:PBB IJB E:FBG:JGHF MKL:GH<B<R?FKY ><B@?GBB IH> HKGH<:GB?F =B>JHL?OGBQ?KDH=H KHHJM@?GBY F?LH>HF

W=>:

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. HagZdhfe_gb_ k ijbgpbibZevghc ko_fhc mklZgh\db W=>: b ijbh[j_l_gb_ ijZdlbq_kdbo gZ\udh\ \ bkihevah\Zgbb mklZgh\db ^ey ihkljh_gby ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb ^\b`_gby nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ.

2.Ihkljh_gb_ gZ fh^_eb ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb ^\b`_gby (iehkdZy aZ^ZqZ) ijb gZihjghc nbevljZpbb ih^ khhjm`_gb_f.

3.Hij_^_e_gb_ \uoh^guo ]jZ^b_glh\ nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ.

4.Ihkljh_gb_ wixju kdhjhkl_c nbevljZpbb gZ \uoh^_ ]jmglh\h]h ihlhdZ

\gb`g_f [v_n_.

5.<uqbke_gb_ m^_evgh]h jZkoh^Z nbevljZpbb ih^ khhjm`_gb_f b ihkljh_gb_ _]h wixju gZ \uoh^_ \ gb`gbc [v_n.

6.Ihkljh_gb_ wixju \_jlbdZevgh]h ^Z\e_gby (wixju ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby)

b hij_^_e_gb_ kmffZjgh]h ^Z\e_gby gZ hkgh\Zgb_ khhjm`_gby kh klhjhgu nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

NbevljZpbhggu_ aZ^Zqb hlebqZxlky [hevrhc keh`ghklvx bo j_r_gby.

Kms_kl\mxsb_ f_lh^u nbevljZpbhgguo jZkq_lh\ ^Ze_dh g_ \k_]^Z iha\heyxl ^hklZlhqgh lhqgh hij_^_eylv iZjZf_lju ^\b`_gby ]jmglh\uo \h^ \ hkgh\Zgbb \h^hih^ihjguo khhjm`_gbc b \ h[oh^ bo [_j_]h\uo ijbfudZgbc. Ihwlhfm iZjZf_lju nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ ^ey hl\_lkl\_gguo khhjm`_gbc hij_^_eyxl fh^_ebjh\Zgb_f. Ij_^eh`_gguc G.G.IZ\eh\kdbf wdki_jbf_glZevguc f_lh^ we_dljh]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdbo ZgZeh]bc (f_lh^ W=>:)

218

y\ey_lky gZb[he__ h[sbf, ijhkluf b m^h[guf ba ijbf_gy_fuo \ gZklhys__ \j_fy f_lh^h\ bkke_^h\Zgby klZpbhgZjghc nbevljZpbb iml_f fh^_ebjh\Zgby.

F_lh^ W=>: hkgh\Zg gZ fZl_fZlbq_kdhc b nbabq_kdhc ZgZeh]bb f_`^m eZfbgZjghc nbevljZpb_c \ ihjbklhc kj_^_ b ^\b`_gb_f we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ \ ijh\h^ys_c kj_^_.

>ey gZ]ey^ghklb \ lZ[ebp_ 21.1 ij_^klZ\e_gu we_f_glu ZgZeh]bb iZjZf_ljh\ nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ b we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ \ ijh\h^gbd_.

We_f_glu ZgZeh]bb

219

Ba lZ[ebpu \b^gh, qlh wd\bihl_gpbZevguf ih\_joghklyf we_dljbq_kdh]h ihey khhl\_lkl\mxl ih\_joghklb jZ\gh]h gZihjZ nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ b kh\iZ^Zxl ebgbb lhdh\, Z ijhp_kk ^\b`_gby we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ \ we_dljhijh\h^ys_c kj_^_ b ijhl_dZgb_ eZfbgZjgh]h nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ \ ihjbklhc kj_^_ hibku\Zxlky mjZ\g_gbyfb h^gh]h b lh]h `_ \b^Z. Wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h ijbgpbibZevghc \hafh`ghklb j_r_gby aZ^Zq nbevljZpbb iml_f bkke_^h\Zgby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h we_dljbq_kdh]h ihey \ ijh\h^gbd_, ij_^klZ\eyxs_f kh[hc fh^_ev h[eZklb nbevljZpbb k ZgZeh]bqgufb ]jZgbqgufb mkeh\byfb. IZjZf_lju `_ bkke_^m_fh]h we_dljbq_kdh]h ihey gZ fh^_eb g_ljm^gh ijZdlbq_kdb ihemqblv k bkihevah\Zgb_f mklZgh\db W=>:, iha\heyxs_c ihkljhblv k_ldm ^\b`_gby we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ. WlZ k_ldZ y\ey_lky ]jZnbq_kdbf \ujZ`_gb_f mjZ\g_gby EZieZkZ b khklhbl ba ebgbc jZ\gh]h ihl_gpbZeZ, wd\b\Ze_glgh]h gZihjm nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ

(wd\bihl_gpbZe_c) b ebgbc lhdZ. K_ldZ, oZjZdl_jbamxsZy ^\b`_gb_ we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ lZd`_, ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdmx k_ldm eZfbgZjgh]h mklZgh\b\r_]hky ^\b`_gby iehkdh]h nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ.

Wd\bihl_gpbZevgu_ ebgbb b ebgbb lhdZ, y\eyxsb_ky bahebgbyfb khijy`_gguo ihl_gpbZevghc nmgdpbb 3 b nmgdpbb lhdZ % \ g_ hkh[uo lhqdZo ihey i_j_k_dZxlky ih^ ijyfuf m]ehf, l._. ebgbb 3 = const b % = const h[jZamxl hjlh]hgZevgmx k_ldm ^\b`_gby, jbk. 21.1, \.

Ijb we_dljhfh^_ebjh\Zgbb fh`gh kljhblv ebrv ihe_ ihl_gpbZevghc nmgdpbb 3, l._. hij_^_eylv gZ lhdhijh\h^ys_c fh^_eb lhqdb jZ\gh]h ihl_gpbZeZ (jZ\gh]h gZihjZ), ih dhlhjuf aZl_f ijh\h^ylky wd\bihl_gpbZeb, jbk. 21.1, [. < lh `_ \j_fy, f_lh^ W=>: iha\hey_l ihemqblv b kbkl_fm ebgbc lhdZ, _keb bkihevah\Zlv k\hckl\h \aZbfhaZf_gy_fhklb ebgbc jZ\guo ihl_gpbZeh\ b ebgbc lhdZ. >ey wlh]h gZ^h gZ fh^_eb baf_gblv ]jZgbqgu_ mkeh\by, l._. lhdhih^\h^ysb_ f_lZeebq_kdb_ rbgu b baheypbhggu_ ih\_joghklb ihf_gylv f_klZfb, jbk. 21.1, Z.

220

Jbk. 21.1

< wlhf kemqZ_ j_rZ_lky h[jZlgZy aZ^ZqZ, \ dhlhjhc wd\bihl_gpbZevgu_ ebgbb 3 = const y\eyxlky ebgbyfb lhdZ % = const bkoh^ghc (ijyfhc) aZ^Zqb.

H^gZdh ihkljh_gb_ ebgbc lhdZ f_lh^hf W=>: y\ey_lky k l_ogbq_kdhc klhjhgu aZ^Zq_c [he__ keh`ghc, q_f ihkljh_gb_ ebgbc jZ\guo gZihjh\ \ k\yab k l_f, qlh ihgZ^h[blky ba]hlh\eylv rbgu \_kvfZ keh`gh]h hq_jlZgby, khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h hq_jlZgbx \h^hg_ijhgbpZ_fh]h dhglmjZ h[eZklb nbevljZpbb. <\b^m wlh]h gZ ijZdlbd_ j_^dh h[jZsZxlky d ihkljh_gbx ebgbc lhdZ f_lh^hf W=>:, Z kljhyl bo ]jZnbq_kdbf kihkh[hf ihke_ ihkljh_gby wd\bihl_gpbZe_c bgkljmf_glZevguf iml_f.

221

Ijb ]jZnbq_kdhf ihkljh_gbb ebgbc lhdZ bf_xl \ \b^m, qlh \ bahljhiguo ]jmglZo ebgbb lhdZ b ebgbb jZ\guo gZihjh\ ^he`gu [ulv \aZbfgh hjlh]hgZevgufb; ebgbb lhdZ, jZkiheh`_ggu_ [eb`_ d ih^a_fghfm dhglmjm khhjm`_gby, ih k\h_c nhjf_ ijb[eb`Zxlky d hq_jlZgbx dhglmjZ, Z ebgbb lhdZ, jZkiheh`_ggu_ m \h^hmihjZ bf_xl nhjfm, [ebadmx d hq_jlZgbx \h^hmihjZ.

@_eZl_evgh bf_lv hdhgqZl_evgmx k_ldm nbevljZpbb d\Z^jZlbqghc, l._. khklhys_c ba djb\hebg_cguo d\Z^jZlh\, jbk. 21.1,\. >ey kh[ex^_gby wlh]h mkeh\by g_h[oh^bfh, qlh[u kj_^gb_ ebgbb \ dZ`^hf d\Z^jZl_ [ueb jZ\gu.

>bZ]hgZeb de_lhd k_ldb nbevljZpbb ^he`gu ^Z\Zlv hjlh]hgZevgmx k_ldm.

DZkZl_evgu_ d ebgbyf jZ\guo gZihjh\, hdZgqb\Zxsboky \ m]eZo \h^hg_ijhgbpZ_fh]h dhglmjZ khhjm`_gby, y\eyxlky [bkk_dljbkZfb wlbo m]eh\.

Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv, qlh ijb h^ghjh^ghf ]jmgl_ hq_jlZgb_ ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb aZ\bkbl lhevdh hl dhgnb]mjZpbb fh^_ebjm_fhc h[eZklb nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ b g_ aZ\bkbl hl ^_ckl\mxs_]h gZihjZ b dhwnnbpb_glZ nbevljZpbb ]jmglZ.

F_lh^hf W=>: \uihegyxlky gZb[he__ keh`gu_ bkke_^h\Zgby iehkdbo, ieZgh\uo b ijhkljZgkl\_gguo, gZihjguo b [_agZihjguo, mklZgh\b\rboky b g_mklZgh\b\rboky nbevljZpbhgguo ihlhdh\ \ h^ghjh^guo, g_h^ghjh^guo, bahljhiguo b Zgbahljhiguo ]jmglZo. Ijhba\h^ylky ihkljh_gby k_lhd l_q_gby b hij_^_e_gby nbevljZpbhgguo jZkoh^h\, kdhjhkl_c, ]jZ^b_glh\, iv_ahf_ljbq_kdbo gZihjh\, ^_ij_kkbhgguo ih\_joghkl_c, \_ebqbgu ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby nbevljZpbhggh]h ihlhdZ gZ ih^a_fguc dhglmj ]b^jhkhhjm`_gbc b ^j. Hl^_evgu_ ba gZa\Zgguo aZ^Zq mdZaZgu \ jZa^_e_ «P_ev jZ[hlu» b gZoh^yl k\h_ j_r_gb_ ih oh^m \uiheg_gby jZ[hlu.

IJBGPBI J:;HLU MKL:GH<DB W=>:

< hkgh\m ijb[hjZ W=>: iheh`_g fhkl khijhlb\e_gby MblklhgZ, dhlhjuc ihdZaZg gZ jbk. 21.2 , Z, Z ijbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ ijb[hjZ – gZ jbk. 21.2, [.