praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

282

Ba aZ\bkbfhklb (27.7) \b^gh, qlh \ukhlZ H\^hi aZ\bkbl hl ^Z\e_gby \ iblZl_evghf j_a_j\mZj_, l_fi_jZlmju `b^dhklb (l_fi_jZlmjZ `b^dhklb h^ghagZqgh \eby_l gZ ^Z\e_gb_ gZkus_gguo iZjh\ jg.i (kf. lZ[e. 27.1),^himklbfh]h dZ\blZpbhggh]h aZiZkZ b ihl_jv gZihjZ \h \kZku\Zxs_f ljm[hijh\h^_.

<ebygb_ l_fi_jZlmju gZ ^Z\e_gb_ jg.i gZkus_ggh]h iZjZ \h^u

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

Hiulu ijh\h^ylky gZ wdki_jbf_glZevghc mklZgh\d_ (kf. jbk. 26.3), hibkZgb_ dhlhjhc ijb\_^_gh \ jZ[hl_ 26. :[khexlgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk baf_gy_lky k ihfhsvx j_]mebjmxs_c aZ^\b`db 5, mklZgh\e_gghc gZ \kZku\Zxs_c ebgbb.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.Ih^]hlh\dZ, imkd b ijh\_jdZ jZ[hlu eZ[hjZlhjgh]h kl_g^Z (kf. jbk. 26.3) \uihegyxlky ijb iheghklvx hldjulhc aZ^\b`d_ 5 \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\beZfb, ijb\_^_ggufb \ jZ[hl_ 27.

283

2. Ih jZkoh^hf_jm <_glmjb 8 b ^bnn_j_gpbZevghfm fZghf_ljm 16 hij_^_ey_lky ih^ZqZ Q , ijb dhlhjhc ijh\h^ylky dZ\blZpbhggu_ bkiulZgby gZkhkZ. Ijb wlhf kgbfZxlky ihdZaZgby \Zdmmf_ljZ 14, fZghf_ljZ 15, lZohf_ljZ

17, \Zllf_ljZ 18.

3. Ijb ihfhsb aZ^\b`db 5 mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky \Zdmmf_ljbq_kdh_ ^Z\e_gb_ gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk, gZijbf_j, jZ\gh_ 35 dIZ. Iml_f ijbdjulby (hldjulby) aZ^\b`db 7 \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky bkoh^gZy ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ (dZ\blZpbhggZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ kljhblky ijb Q = const) b ijhba\h^blky ih\lhjguc hlkq_l ihdZaZgbc ijb[hjh\, mdZaZgguo \ i.2.

4. MklZgZ\eb\Zy \hajZklZxsb_ agZq_gby \Zdmf_ljbq_kdh]h ^Z\e_gby

(40, 50, 65, 70, 75 dIZ), ZgZeh]bqguf h[jZahf ijh\h^ylky ihke_^mxsb_ hiulu.

Ijb ijb[eb`_gbb d dZ\blZpbhgghfm j_`bfm b ijb gZqZ\r_cky dZ\blZpbb ke_^m_l ^hihegbl_evgh kgylv g_kdhevdh lhq_d k f_gvrbfb bgl_j\ZeZfb.

5. Baf_jyxlky l_fi_jZlmjZ `b^dhklb b \_ebqbgZ Zlfhkn_jgh]h ^Z\e_gby.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1.GZihj G, ih^ZqZ Q, fhsghklb N b Ni, DI> gZkhkZ hij_^_eyxlky lZdbf `_ h[jZahf, dZd wlh ^_eZehkv \ jZ[hl_ ‹ 27.

2.Ih nhjfme_ (27.2) ^ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ \uqbkey_lky dZ\blZpbhgguc aZiZk

ûh. G_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey jZkq_lZ ûh agZq_gby ^Z\e_gby jg.i [_jmlky ba lZ[ebpu 27.

<k_ j_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc b \uqbke_gbc aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 27.1 (kf. jZ[hlm

27).

3. Ih ihemq_gguf j_amevlZlZf \uqbke_gbc kljhblky dZ\blZpbhggZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ gZkhkZ G = f(ûh); N = f(ûh); = f(ûh). Ijb ihkljh_gbb dZ\blZpbhgghc oZjZdl_jbklbdb aZ h[jZa_p ijbgbfZxlky ]jZnbdb, ijb\_^_ggu_ gZ jbk. 27.

284

4.Ih dZ\blZpbhgghc oZjZdl_jbklbd_ hij_^_eyxlky i_j\uc (ûhdj1) b \lhjhc (ûhdj2) djblbq_kdb_ dZ\blZpbhggu_ aZiZku k ihke_^mxsbf kjZ\g_gb_f bo agZq_gbc k \_ebqbghc, \uqbke_gghc ih nhjfme_ (27.3).

5.Ih nhjfmeZf (27.4) b (27.7) jZkkqblu\Zxlky khhl\_lkl\_ggh

^himklbfu_ dZ\blZpbhgguc aZiZk ûh^hi b \ukhlZ \kZku\Zgby H\^hi .

J:;HL: 28

BAMQ?GB? Y<E?GBY D:<BL:PBB < =B>JHKBKL?F:O

P_ev jZ[hlu. 1. <bamZevgh_ gZ[ex^_gb_ y\e_gby dZ\blZpbb \ f_klghf

khijhlb\e_gbb.

2.Hij_^_e_gb_ lbiZ, nhjfu b klZ^bb dZ\blZpbb.

3.<bamZevgh_ gZ[ex^_gb_ Zdmklbq_kdhc dZ\blZpbb.

4.Hij_^_e_gb_ qbkeZ dZ\blZpbb b kjZ\g_gb_ _]h agZq_gby k djblbq_kdbf.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

DZ\blZpby fh`_l \hagbdgmlv \ `b^dhklyo, gZoh^ysboky dZd \ khklhygbb ihdhy, lZd b \ ^\b`_gbb. JZaebqZxl dZ\blZpbx ^bgZfbq_kdh]h b Zdmklbq_kdh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby. ?keb ihgb`_gb_ ^Z\e_gby, \uau\Zxs__ dZ\blZpbx, ijhbkoh^bl \ j_amevlZl_ [hevrbo f_klguo kdhjhkl_c \ ihlhd_ ^\b`ms_cky dZi_evghc `b^dhklb, lh dZ\blZpby – ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdZy, Z ijb Zdmklbq_kdbo \hegZo – Zdmklbq_kdZy. < wlhf kemqZ_ __ \uau\Zxl mevljZa\mdh\u_ dhe_[Zgby.

Djblbq_kdh_, k lhqdb aj_gby \hagbdgh\_gby dZ\blZpbb, ^Z\e_gb_ hij_^_ey_lky nbabq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb `b^dhklb b, \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl __ khklhygby, fh`_l baf_gylvky \ ^h\hevgh agZqbl_evguo ij_^_eZo. < ijZdlbq_kdbo jZkq_lZo, k\yaZgguo k dZ\blZpbhggufb j_`bfZfb jZ[hlu

285

]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo fZrbg b kbkl_f, \ dZq_kl\_ djblbq_kdh]h ^Z\e_gby h[uqgh ijbgbfZxl ^Z\e_gb_ jg.i. gZkus_gguo iZjh\ `b^dhklb ijb ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_.

DZ\blZpby khijh\h`^Z_lky jZajmr_gb_f ih\_joghklb, gZ dhlhjhc \hagbdZxl b g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy kms_kl\mxl dZ\blZpbhggu_ imaujb. Wlh jZajmr_gb_ y\ey_lky h^gbf ba kZfuo hiZkguo ihke_^kl\bc dZ\blZpbb b gZau\Z_lky dZ\blZpbhgghc wjhab_c, \uau\Z_fhc koehiu\Zgb_f dZ\blZpbhgguo dZ\_jg k h[jZah\Zgb_f dmfmeylb\guo fbdjhkljmc.

Y\e_gb_ dZ\blZpbb \ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo kbkl_fZo b mkljhckl\Zo \hagbdZ_l, ij_`^_ \k_]h, \ l_o f_klZo, ]^_ ihlhd ij_l_ji_\Z_l f_klgh_ km`_gb_ k ihke_^mxsbf jZkrbj_gb_f, gZijbf_j, \ j_]mebjmxsbo hj]ZgZo, ^bZnjZ]fZo, dhe_gZo, jZ[hqbo dhe_kZo p_gljh[_`guo gZkhkh\ b ^j.

< keh`guo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo kbkl_fZo [hevrhc ijhly`_gghklb ijhp_kk h[jZah\Zgby b jZajmr_gby dZ\blZpbhgguo ahg ijb\h^bl d \hagbdgh\_gbx ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h m^ZjZ. DZ\blZpby g_[eZ]hijbylgh hljZ`Z_lky gZ jZ[hl_ h[hjm^h\Zgby, ijb\h^bl d \b[jZpbb b rmfZf, wjhabhgghfm jZajmr_gbx, m\_ebq_gbx ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo khijhlb\e_gbc, mf_gvr_gbx ih^Zqb, gZihjZ, fhsghklb b d.i.^. ehiZklguo gZkhkh\.

Lbiu dZ\blZpbb:

IjhnbevgZy dZ\blZpby gZ[ex^Z_lky gZ ohjhrh h[l_dZ_fuo ih\_joghklyo, \hagbdZ_l ba y^_j dZ\blZpbb, gZoh^ysboky gZ l\_j^uo kl_gdZo.

<hagbdZ_l h[uqgh \ ljm[Zo, \h^hf_jguo mkljhckl\Zo lbiZ ljm[u <_glmjb, dZgZeZo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo fZrbg.

Kju\gZy dZ\blZpby \hagbdZ_l \ \bojyo aZ iehoh h[l_dZ_fufb we_f_glZfb ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo mkljhckl\, fh`_l bf_lv f_klh gZ ]jZgbp_ aZlhie_gghc kljmb, \ul_dZxs_c ba hl\_jklby k [hevrhc kdhjhklvx.

286

Nhjfu dZ\blZpbb:

oZjZdl_jbam_lky jhklhf, khdjZs_gb_f b koehiu\Zgb_f ihqlb kn_jbq_kdbo dZ\_jg, ijhghkysboky ih jZaebqguf ljZ_dlhjbyf q_j_a ahgm ihgb`_ggh]h ^Z\e_gby.

Ie_ghqgZy nhjfZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc klZpbhgZjgmx dZ\_jgm, dZd [u ijbebirmx \ \b^_ lhgdh]h kehy ih i_jbf_ljm k`Zlh]h k_q_gby \ dZdhf-eb[h we_f_gl_ f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby, gZijbf_j, ljm[u <_glmjb. Ih\_joghklv dZ\_jgu ijhajZqgZ, o\hklh\Zy qZklv imevkbjm_l, i_jbh^bq_kdb hlju\Z_lky b mghkblky ihlhdhf.

Wr_ehggZy nhjfZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky l_f, qlh [ebadh b^msb_ ^jm] aZ ^jm]hf \aju\Zxsb_ky b koehiu\Zxsb_ky ihqlb kn_jbq_kdb_ dZ\_jgu jZkiheh`_gu gZ h^ghc ljZ_dlhjbb, gZqbgZxs_cky \ g_dhlhjhc g_ih^\b`ghc

lhqd_.

<boj_\Zy nhjfZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ^bkdj_lgh ke_^mxsb_ k ihlhdhf \bojb, gZ hkyo dhlhjuo \hagbdZxl b jZa\b\Zxlky dZ\blZpbhggu_ dZ\_jgu, g_ ijbe_]Zxsb_ d ih\_joghklb h[l_dZ_fh]h we_f_glZ.

KlZ^bb jZa\blby dZ\blZpbb:

I – khhl\_lkl\m_l gZqZem ihy\e_gby hl^_evguo imaujvdh\, dhlhju_ h[jZamxl g_mklhcqb\mx dZ\blZpbhggmx ahgm. OZjZdl_jbam_lky keZ[uf m\_ebq_gb_f rmfZ.

II – oZjZdl_jbam_lky baf_g_gb_f ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo oZjZdl_jbklbd ihlhdZ, h[jZah\Zgb_f mklhcqb\uo dZ\blZpbhgguo ahg hij_^_e_gguo jZaf_jh\, dhlhju_ kl_kgyxl `b\h_ k_q_gb_ ihlhdZ, m\_ebqb\Zxlky ihl_jb wg_j]bb, mom^rZxlky oZjZdl_jbklbdb fZrbg, mkbeb\Z_lky rmf.

III – hij_^_ey_lky ij_djZs_gb_f ijbjhklZ jZkoh^Z ijb m\_ebq_gbb i_j_iZ^Z ^Z\e_gbc, ijhbkoh^bl «kju\» jZ[hlu ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhc fZrbgu beb kbkl_fu. <g_rgb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb klZgh\ylky kh\_jr_ggh g_ijb_fe_fufb.

287

>ey oZjZdl_jbklbdb f_klguo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo khijhlb\e_gbc \ hlghr_gbb dZ\blZpbb ijbf_gy_lky [_ajZaf_jguc djbl_jbc, gZau\Z_fuc qbkehf dZ\blZpbb:

]^_ j1 b V – khhl\_lkl\_ggh ^Z\e_gb_ b kdhjhklv \ oZjZdl_jghf k_q_gbb

(gZijbf_j, \ k_q_gbb aZ f_klguf khijhlb\e_gb_f); jg.i. – ^Z\e_gb_ gZkus_gguo iZjh\ `b^dhklb.

AgZq_gb_ 1, ijb dhlhjhf \ f_klghf khijhlb\e_gbb gZqbgZ_lky dZ\blZpby, gZau\Z_lky djblbq_kdbf qbkehf dZ\blZpbb ædj. Ih k\h_fm kfukem qbkeh

]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhf fh^_ebjh\Zgbb, dZd djbl_jbc ih^h[by l_q_gby k dZ\blZpb_c.

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

DZ\blZpbhggZy mklZgh\dZ (jbk. 28.1) khklhbl ba ihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ 1 k j_]mebjm_fhc ih^Zq_c, f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby 2, ^jhkk_e_c 3 b 4, [ZdZ 5, ij_^hojZgbl_evgh]h deZiZgZ 6, ]b^jhZddmfmeylhjZ 7, fZghf_ljh\ 8 b 9,

\Zdmmf_ljZ 10, jZkoh^hf_jZ 11 b kh_^bgbl_evguo ljm[hijh\h^h\.

F_klgh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ 2 ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc kf_gguc ijhajZqguc we_f_gl, ba]hlh\e_gguc ba hj]Zgbq_kdh]h kl_deZ, \gmlj_ggyy ihehklv dhlhjh]h \uiheg_gZ \ \b^_ ljm[u <_glmjb beb dZgZeZ dZdh]h-eb[h bgh]h k_q_gby

(\g_aZigh_ jZkrbj_gb_, \g_aZigh_ km`_gb_ b l.^.). >jhkk_eb 3 b 4 iha\heyxl baf_gylv i_j_iZ^ ^Z\e_gbc gZ f_klghf khijhlb\e_gbb, ]b^jhZddmfmeylhj 7 h[_ki_qb\Z_l k]eZ`b\Zgb_ imevkZpbc ih^Zqb gZkhkZ, Z deZiZg 6 ij_^hojZgy_l _]h hl i_j_]jmadb.

288

Jbk. 28.1

:dmklbq_kdZy dZ\blZpby hkms_kl\ey_lky \ ijhajZqghf khkm^_ k \h^hc ijb ihfhsb mevljZa\mdh\h]h ^bki_j]ZlhjZ.

IHJY>HD IJH<?>?GBY J:;HLU

1.<dexqZxl gZkhk.

2.Nbdkbjmxl ihdZaZgby fZghf_ljh\, \Zdmmf_ljZ b jZkoh^hf_jZ ijb fbgbfZevghc ih^Zq_ gZkhkZ.

3.M\_ebqb\Zxl ih^Zqm gZkhkZ ^h ihy\e_gby dZ\blZpbhgguo imaujvdh\,

\bamZevgh hij_^_eyxl lbi, nhjfm b klZ^bx dZ\blZpbb, nbdkbjmxl ihdZaZgby

ijb[hjh\.

289

4.Ijb ihfhsb ^jhkk_e_c baf_gyxl i_j_iZ^ ^Z\e_gby gZ f_klghf khijhlb\e_gbb b nbdkbjmxl ihdZaZgby ijb[hjh\ ijb 3…4 jZaebqguo jZkoh^Zo b i_j_iZ^Zo ^Z\e_gby.

5.<bamZevgh gZ[ex^Zxl Zdmklbq_kdmx dZ\blZpbx \ khkm^_ ^bki_j]ZlhjZ gZ jZaebqguo qZklhlZo b fhsghklb.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1.Ih ihdZaZgbyf fZghf_ljZ \uqbkeyxl i_j_iZ^ ^Z\e_gby gZ f_klghf khijhlb\e_gbb.

2.Ih ihdZaZgbyf jZkoh^hf_jZ \uqbkeyxl kdhjhklv `b^dhklb \ ]hjeh\bg_ ljm[u <_glmjb.

3.<uqbkeyxl qbkeh dZ\blZpbb ih nhjfme_

]^_ ! – iehlghklv \h^u; j1– ^Z\e_gb_ gZ \oh^_ \ ljm[m <_glmjb; jk` –

^Z\e_gb_ \ madhf k_q_gbb ljm[u <_glmjb; V – kdhjhklv gZ \oh^_ \ ljm[m <_glmjb beb gZ \uoh^_.

4. <uqbkeyxl djblbq_kdh_ qbkeh dZ\blZpbb ædj

]^_ jg.i - ^Z\e_gb_ gZkus_gguo iZjh\.

>ey ljm[u <_glmjb

290

]^_ S1 – iehsZ^v k_q_gby i_j_^ \oh^hf \ ljm[m <_glmjb; S2 – iehsZ^v k_q_gby \ madhc qZklb ljm[u <_glmjb.

Hiulgu_ ^Zggu_ b j_amevlZlu \uqbke_gbc k\h^yl \ lZ[ebpm.

LZ[ebpZ 28.1

J:;HL: 29

HIJ?>?E?GB? DHWNNBPB?GL: IHE?AGH=H >?CKL<BY

<H>HKLJMCGH=H G:KHK:

P_ev jZ[hlu. HagZdhfe_gb_ k jZ[hlhc \h^hkljmcgh]h gZkhkZ b hij_^_e_gb_ _]h dhwnnbpb_glZ ihe_agh]h ^_ckl\by.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Kljmcguc gZkhk – gZkhk lj_gby, \ dhlhjhf `b^dhklv (]Za) i_j_f_sZxlky, m\e_dZ_fu_ ihlhdhf (kljmzc) `b^dhc beb ]Zahh[jZaghc kj_^u. < aZ\bkbfhklb

291

hl \b^Z kj_^u jZaebqZxl `b^dhkljmcgu_ (gZijbf_j, \h^hkljmcgu_), ]Zah- b iZjhkljmcgu_ gZkhku.

Kljmcgu_ gZkhku ^ey gZ]g_lZgby ]ZaZ beb `b^dhklb \ j_a_j\mZju bgh]^Z gZau\Zxl bg`_dlhjZfb, ^ey hlkZku\Zgby - w`_dlhjZfb, ^ey ljZgkihjlbjh\Zgby g_dhlhjuo ]b^jhkf_k_c - ]b^jhwe_\ZlhjZfb. Kljmcgu_ gZkhku g_ kh^_j`Zl ^\b`msboky qZkl_c b ijhklu \ ba]hlh\e_gbb, bf_xl ohjhrb_ dZ\blZpbhggu_ dZq_kl\Z, d.i.^. ^hklb]Z_l 40 %.

< kljmcguo gZkhkZo wg_j]by ihlhdZ jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb i_j_^Zzlky ihlhdm i_j_dZqb\Z_fhc `b^dhklb [_a dZdboeb[h ijhf_`mlhqguo f_oZgbafh\, \ k\yab k q_f wlb gZkhku ih oZjZdl_jm jZ[hq_]h ijhp_kkZ ijbgpbibZevgh hlebqZxlky hl gZkhkh\ \k_o ^jm]bo \b^h\. Ohly ih h[sbf dhgkljmdlb\guf ijbagZdZf bo g_h[oh^bfh hlg_klb d ^bgZfbq_kdbf gZkhkZf, lZd dZd \ ijhp_kk_ jZ[hlu h[tzf jZ[hq_c dZf_ju gZkhkZ g_ baf_gy_lky b hgZ ihklhyggh khh[sZ_lky k \kZku\Zxsbf b gZ]g_lZl_evguf iZljm[dZfb gZkhkZ.

>hklhbgkl\Zfb kljmcguo gZkhkh\ y\ey_lky ijhklhlZ dhgkljmdpbb gZ^z`ghklv \ jZ[hl_, g_[hevrb_ jZaf_ju b g_\ukhdZy klhbfhklv. ;eZ]h^Zjy wlhfm kljmcgu_ gZkhku rbjhdh ijbf_gyxlky \h fgh]bo hljZkeyo gZjh^gh]h ohayckl\Z, \ qZklghklb, \ kbkl_fZo l_ieh]ZahkgZ[`_gby, \_glbeypbb b dhg^bpbhgbjh\Zgby \ha^moZ, kbkl_fZo ih^Zqb lhieb\Z \ e_lZl_evguo ZiiZjZlh\, \ k\Zjhqguo ]hj_edZo b l.^.

< l_iehnbdZpbhgguo mklZgh\dZo kljmcgu_ ZiiZjZlu bkihevamxl \ dZq_kl\_ kf_kbl_e_c gZ hlhibl_evguo Z[hg_glkdbo \\h^Zo (\h^hkljmcgu_ we_\Zlhju); \ \_glbeypbhgguo mklZgh\dZo – ^ey kha^Zgby g_ij_ju\gh]h ihlhdZ \ha^moZ q_j_a dZgZeu b ihf_s_gby (w`_dlhju); \ oheh^bevghc l_ogbd_-

\ dZq_kl\_ Z]j_]Zlh\ oheh^bevguo mklZgh\hd. Kljmcgu_ ZiiZjZlu ijbf_gyxl lZd`_ \ \h^hijh\h^guo mklZgh\dZo ^ey ih^tzfZ \h^u ba ]em[hdbo dheh^p_\ b kd\Z`bg, \ dZgZebaZpbhgguo mklZgh\dZo k bo ihfhsvx m^Zeyxl hkZ^hd ba i_kdheh\hd.