praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

242

WE?DLJH=B>JH>BG:FBQ?KD:Y :G:EH=BY (W=>:)

< ^Zgghc jZ[hl_ jZkkfZljb\Z_lky ZgZeh]by, kms_kl\mxsZy f_`^m iehkdbf ihl_gpbZevguf l_q_gb_f g_k`bfZ_fhc `b^dhklb b l_q_gb_f we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ \ iehkdhc ijh\h^ys_c kj_^_ (\ we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]_), hkgh\ZggZy gZ mjZ\g_gbb EZieZkZ, dhlhjuf hibku\Z_lky dZ`^h_ ba mdZaZgguo nbabq_kdbo y\e_gbc. GZibr_f mjZ\g_gb_ EZieZkZ ^ey we_dljbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ U \ iehkdhf ijh\h^gbd_.

KjZ\gb\Zy (22.14) k (22.5) b (22.6), \b^bf, qlh kms_kl\m_l ZgZeh]by f_`^m we_dljbq_kdbf ihl_gpbZehf, ihl_gpbZehf kdhjhklb b nmgdpb_c lhdZ.

Ke_^m_l ih^q_jdgmlv, qlh ih^h[gZy ZgZeh]by y\e_gbc lj_[m_l h^bgZdh\h]h fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h \ujZ`_gby ]jZgbqguo mkeh\bc.

LZdbf h[jZahf, f_lh^ we_dljh]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc ZgZeh]bb iha\hey_l aZf_gblv bkke_^m_fmx h[eZklv iehkdh]h ihl_gpbZevgh]h l_q_gby `b^dhklb fh^_evx k l_q_gb_f we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ \ iehkdhf ijh\h^gbd_, qlh agZqbl_evgh mijhsZ_l ba]hlh\e_gb_ kZfhc fh^_eb h[eZklb l_q_gby b ih\urZ_l lhqghklv baf_j_gby hij_^_ey_fuo iZjZf_ljh\.

HIBK:GB? MKL:GH<DB

Bgl_]jZlhj W=>:-9/60 khklhbl ba lj_o [ehdh\: iblZl_evgh]h mkljhckl\Z IM, baf_jbl_evgh]h mkljhckl\Z BM b ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdbo ^_ebl_e_c gZijy`_gby I>G.

IblZl_evgh_ mkljhckl\h IM \ hkgh\ghf khklhbl ba ihgb`Zxs_]h ljZgknhjfZlhjZ b ba \uijyfbl_e_c lhdZ.

243

Baf_jbl_evgh_ mkljhckl\h BM ijbgpbibZevgh khklhbl ba ]jZ^mbjh\Zggh]h ihl_gpbhf_ljZ, ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ – bg^bdZlhjZ gme_\h]h lhdZ beb jZ\gh\_kby fhklZ, dhglZdlghc b]eu b fh^_eb bkke_^m_fhc h[eZklb lhq_gby, \uiheg_gghc ba we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b.

Ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdb_ ^_ebl_eb gZijy`_gby I>G g_h[oh^bfu ^ey j_ZebaZpbb ]jZgbqguo mkeh\bc ijb j_r_gbb hl^_evguo l_ogbq_kdbo aZ^Zq.

GZ jbk. 22.2 ihdZaZgZ ijbgpbibZevgZy we_dljbq_kdZy ko_fZ bgl_]jZlhjZ, dhlhjZy ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc q_luj_oie_qguc fhkl (fhklbd MblklhgZ).

Jbk. 22.2

244

IHJY>HD IJH<?>?GBY J:;HLU

Ih^]hlh\bl_evgu_ jZ[hlu

1.<u[bjZ_lky fZkrlZ[ fh^_eb (ijhnbey) b gZagZqZ_lky kdhjhklv u0 b ^Z\e_gb_ j0 \ g_\hafms_gghf ihlhd_ «gZ [_kdhg_qghklb», l._. gZ ]jZgbp_ fh^_ebjm_fhc h[eZklb l_q_gby.

2.<uj_aZ_lky ba we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b fh^_ebjm_fZy h[eZklv l_q_gby \ \b^_ ijyfhm]hevgbdZ ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb h[l_dZgby \ulygmlh]h djueh\h]h ijhnbey, beb \ \b^_ d\Z^jZlZ ijb h[l_dZgbb djm]h\h]h ijhnbey.

Ijbq_f klhjhgu ijyfhm]hevgbdZ jZ\gu, ijbf_jgh 10-lb b 5-lb ohj^Zf, Z klhjhgu d\Z^jZlZ - 10-lb ^bZf_ljZf djm]h\h]h ijhnbey (ohj^hc gZau\Z_lky ijyfZy, kh_^bgyxsZy ^\_ gZb[he__ m^Ze_ggu_ ^jm] hl ^jm]Z lhqdb ijhnbey).

MdZaZggu_ jZaf_ju fh^_ebjm_fhc h[eZklb iha\heyxl kqblZlv gZ __ ]jZgbpZo ihlhd g_\hafms_gguf, l._. lZdbf, dZdbf hg gZ[ex^Z_lky «gZ [_kdhg_qghklb».

LZd dZd bkdjb\e_gb_ ebgbc lhdZ ijb h[l_dZgbb l_eZ gZ[ex^Z_lky \ hdj_klghklyo _]h, lh gZ jZkklhygbb, ijb[ebabl_evgh jZ\ghf q_luj_f-iylb ohj^Zf, \hafmsZxs__ \ebygb_ h[l_dZ_fh]h ijhnbey i_j_klZ_l kdZau\Zlvky.

>jm]bfb keh\Zfb, ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ klhjhgu ijyfhm]hevgbdZ (d\Z^jZlZ) fh^_ebjm_fhc h[eZklb fh`gh ijbgylv ihiZjgh aZ ebgbb lhdZ b wd\bihl_gpbZeb.

3.<uj_aZ_lky ba f_lZeebq_kdhc nhev]b fh^_ev ijhnbey \ ijbgylhf fZkrlZ[_ (k kh[ex^_gb_f ]_hf_ljbq_kdh]h ih^h[by) b gZde_b\Z_lky we_dljhijh\h^guf de__f \ p_glj_ fh^_ebjm_fhc h[eZklb l_q_gby lZd, qlh[u _]h ohj^Z h[jZah\ZeZ k gZijZ\e_gb_f ^ebgghc klhjhgu ijyfhm]hevgbdZ aZ^Zgguc m]he ZlZdb.

4.I_j_^ gZqZehf jZ[hlu gZ mklZgh\d_ g_h[oh^bfh hagZdhfblvky k L_ogbq_kdbf hibkZgb_f b k Bgkljmdpb_c ^ey ijh\_^_gby bkke_^h\Zgbc gZ bgl_]jZlhj_ W=>:-9/60.

J_p_il ijb]hlh\e_gby we_dljhijh\h^gh]h de_y: de_c ;N-2 – 30 ] (h^bg lx[bd), kibjl j_dlbnbdZl – 25 fe, kZ`Z ]Zah\Zy – 3-4 ]

245

J_ZebaZpby ]jZgbqguo mkeh\bc

1. Ihkljh_gb_ ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb j_dhf_g^m_lky gZqbgZlv k gZg_k_gby gZ h[eZklv l_q_gby ebgbc lhdZ. Ijb wlhf we_dljbq_kdbc ihl_gpbZe

U y\ey_lky ZgZeh]hf nmgdpbb lhdZ %.

>ey ebgbc lhdZ % = const, qlh gZ we_dljbq_kdhc fh^_eb jZ\ghp_ggh

U=const.

GZ jbk. 22.3 ihdZaZgZ bkke_^m_fZy h[eZklv l_q_gby, \uj_aZggZy \ nhjf_ ijyfhm]hevgbdZ ba we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b. Ijbq_f klhjhgu ijyfhm]hevgbdZ 2-3 b 1-4 ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc ebgbb lhdZ «gZ [_kdhg_qghklb».

>ey j_ZebaZpbb ]jZgbqguo mkeh\bc U = const g_h[oh^bfh gZ klhjhgu 2-3 b 1- 4 gZeh`blv f_lZeebq_kdb_ rbgu, ijh\h^bfhklv dhlhjuo agZqbl_evgh \ur_ ijh\h^bfhklb we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b, qlh iha\hey_l g_ mqblu\Zlv iZ^_gb_ we_dljbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ \^hev rbgu, l._. kqblZlv ihl_gpbZe gZ g_c U = const.

Jbk. 22.3

H[l_dZ_fuc ijhnbev lZd`_ y\ey_lky h^ghc ba ebgbc lhdZ, ihwlhfm hg ^he`_g bf_lv, dZd b rbgu, \ukhdmx ijh\h^bfhklv, qlh ^hklb]Z_lky gZde_cdhc

246 gZ we_dljhijh\h^gmx [mfZ]m h[l_dZ_fh]h ijhnbey, \uiheg_ggh]h ba

f_lZeebq_kdhc nhev]b. Lh]^Z gZ g_f we_dljbq_kdbc ihl_gpbZe U = const, qlh b

lhdhg_ijh\h^bfufb, qlh e_]dh hkms_kl\ey_lky h[j_adhc we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b \^hev mdZaZgguo ebgbc.

2. Ijb ihkljh_gbb k ihfhsvx bgl_]jZlhjZ W=>: kbkl_fu wd\bihl_gpbZevguo ebgbc we_dljbq_kdbc ihl_gpbZe U y\ey_lky ZgZeh]hf nmgdpbb ihl_gpbZeZ kdhjhkl_c 3. Ke_^h\Zl_evgh, ^ey wd\bihl_gpbZeb 3 = const beb U = const. Ihke_^g__ j_Zebam_lky gZdeZ^dhc rbg gZ klhjhgu ijyfhm]hevghc h[eZklb l_q_gby 1-2 b 3-4 (jbk. 22.4).

Jbk. 22.4

^hklb]Z_lky h[j_adhc we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b ih wlbf ebgbyf. Djhf_ lh]h, h[l_dZ_fuc ijhnbev ^ey wd\bihl_gpbZe_c y\ey_lky ^bwe_dljbdhf, ihwlhfm ijhnbev gZ we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]_ g_h[oh^bfh ZddmjZlgh \uj_aZlv.

Ihkljh_gb_ ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb ^\b`_gby ihlhdZ

1. DZd m`_ hlf_qZehkv, ihkljh_gb_ k_ldb j_dhf_g^m_lky gZqbgZlv k gZg_k_gby ebgbc lhdZ, ^ey q_]h we_dljbq_kdZy fh^_ev bkke_^m_fhc h[eZklb ihlhdZ kh[bjZ_lky ih ko_f_, ijb\_^_gghc gZ jbk. 22.3. Ih^\h^ylky d rbgZf ihl_gpbZeu, jZ\gu_ 0 b 100%. Ijb wlhf gZ h[l_dZ_fhf ijhnbe_ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky g_dhlhjh_ agZq_gb_ we_dljbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ Ud, oZjZdl_jbamxs_]h ebgbx lhdZ, ijhoh^ysmx q_j_a djblbq_kdmx lhqdm D (jbk. 22.3). >ey baf_j_gby agZq_gby wlh]h ihl_gpbZeZ dZkZxlky dhglZdlghc b]ehc ijhnbey b, baf_gyy khijhlb\e_gb_ gZ ]jZ^mbjh\Zgghf ihl_gpbhf_lj_

(j_hohj^_), ^h[b\Zxlky hlkmlkl\by lhdZ \ p_ib ]Zev\Zghf_ljZ. Hlukdb\Zxlky dhglZdlghc b]ehc gZ we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]_ lhqdb k lZdbf `_ ihl_gpbZehf, dhlhju_ iha\heyxl ihkljhblv ebgbx lhdZ, ijhoh^ysmx q_j_a djblbq_kdmx lhqdm D. <u[jZ\ rZ] \ 5 beb 10%, ^ey baf_g_gby we_dljbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ \ h[_ klhjhgu hl ihl_gpbZeZ Ud hlukdb\Zxlky dhglZdlghc b]ehc lhqdb hklZevguo ebgbc lhdZ.

2. >ey ihkljh_gby wd\bihl_gpbZevguo ebgbc we_dljbq_kdZy fh^_ev kh[bjZ_lky ih ko_f_, mdZaZgghc gZ jbk. 22.4. KgZqZeZ hlukdb\Zxlky dhglZdlghc b]ehc lhqdb wd\bihl_gpbZeb, ijhoh^ys_c q_j_a djblbq_kdmx lhqdm D. K wlhc p_evx, dZkZykv b]ehc lhqdb D, baf_jyxl agZq_gby ihl_gpbZeZ \ g_c, aZl_f hlukdb\Zxl lhqdb ^jm]bo wd\bihl_gpbZe_c k l_f `_ rZ]hf, qlh b ^ey ebgbc lhdZ.

248

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

JZkq_l jZkij_^_e_gby kdhjhkl_c b ^Z\e_gbc

1.Ih ihkljh_gghc ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ld_ ijhba\h^blky jZkq_l dhwnnbpb_glh\ kdhjhkl_c b ^Z\e_gbc ih nhjfmeZf (22.10) b (22.13).

2.AgZy agZq_gb_ iZjZf_ljh\ g_\hafms_ggh]h ihlhdZ u0, j0, !0,

jZkkqblu\Zxlky kdhjhklb b ^Z\e_gby \ lhqdZo h[l_dZ_fh]h ijhnbey ih

nhjfmeZf (22.9) b (22.11).

3.Kljhylky gZ ohj^_ h[l_dZ_fh]h djueh\h]h ijhnbey beb gZ jZa\_jld_ djm]eh]h ijhnbey ]jZnbdb baf_g_gby dhwnnbpb_glZ ^Z\e_gby Cji hl^_evgh ^ey \_jog_c b gb`g_c iheh\bgu ijhnbey.

4.>ey hp_gdb \hafms_gbc, \ghkbfuo ijhnbe_f \ ihlhd, kljhylky ]jZnbdb baf_g_gby dhwnnbpb_glh\ kdhjhklb i \^hev lj_o wd\bihl_gpbZe_c,

ijhoh^ysbo q_j_a beb \[ebab djblbq_kdhc b hkh[hc lhq_d khhl\_lkl\_ggh \ eh[h\hc b dhjfh\hc qZklyo, b q_j_a lhqdm \ kj_^bgghc qZklb ijhnbey ^ey \_jog_c b gb`g_c iheh\bgu.

J_amevlZlu jZkq_lZ aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpu 23.1 b 23.2.

J:;HL: 23

BKKE?>H<:GB? H;L?D:GBY L?E: IJB G:EBQBB PBJDMEYPBB IEHKDBF IHL?GPB:EVGUF IHLHDHF F?LH>HF W=>:

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. Ihkljh_gb_ ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb ^\b`_gby ijb h[l_dZgbb djueh\h]h ijhnbey iehkdbf ihl_gpbZevguf ihlhdhf k gZebqb_f pbjdmeypbb k ihfhsvx bgl_]jZlhjZ W=>:-9/60.

2. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ ih^t_fghc kbeu ih nhjfme_ G.?.@mdh\kdh]h b ih jZkij_^_e_gbx ^Z\e_gbc gZ ih\_joghklb ijhnbey.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Ijb h[l_dZgbb l_e ihl_gpbZevguf ihlhdhf kbeZ khijhlb\e_gby, kh]eZkgh iZjZ^hdkm Wce_jZ->´:eZf[_jZ, ihemqZ_lky jZ\ghc gmex. Ihwlhfm ^ey hij_^_e_gby kbeh\h]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by ihlhdZ k h[l_dZ_fuf l_ehf gm`gh gZ ihl_gpbZevgh_ l_q_gb_ \hdjm] jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h l_eZ gZeh`blv pbjdmeypbhgguc ihlhd hl lhq_qguo \boj_c, jZkiheh`_gguo \gmljb beb ih ih\_joghklb l_eZ, Z kZfm _]h ih\_joghklv jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd aZfdgmlmx ebgbx lhdZ 3= const, \gmljb dhlhjhc kms_kl\m_l l_q_gb_ `b^dhklb.

250

Ihl_gpbZevghklv l_q_gby (hlkmlkl\b_ \jZs_gby qZklbp) \ h[eZklb \g_ dhglmjZ l_eZ ijb wlhf g_ [m^_l gZjmrZlvky, b kh]eZkgh ijbgpbim kmi_jihabpbb, lZdb_ iehkdb_ ihlhdb fh`gh gZdeZ^u\Zlv ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z.

Ijb h[l_dZgbb k gZebqb_f pbjdmeypbb djueh\h]h ijhnbey

(pbebg^jbq_kdh]h l_eZ k aZdjm]e_gghc i_j_^g_c b aZhklj_gghc aZ^g_c djhfdZfb) ]eZ\guc \_dlhj kbe ^Z\e_gby [m^_l gZijZ\e_g i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh kdhjhklb gZ[_]Zxs_]h ihlhdZ (kdhjhklb «gZ [_kdhg_qghklv») u0, lh _klv ijb lZdhf ih^oh^_ eh[h\h_ khijhlb\e_gb_ Jo hklZ_lky jZ\guf gmex, Z ih^t_fgZy kbeZ Jm hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_ G.?.@mdh\kdh]h

]^_ Jm – ih^t_fgZy kbeZ, ^_ckl\mxsZy gZ _^bgbpm ^ebgu djueh\h]h ijhnbey ijb h[l_dZgbb iehkdbf ihl_gpbZevguf ihlhdhf g_k`bfZ_fhc `b^dhklb, ! – iehlghklv `b^dhklb, = – pbjdmeypby \_dlhjZ kdhjhklb ih dhglmjm, ho\Zlu\Zxs_fm ijhnbev. Pbjdmeypb_c = \_dlhjZ kdhjhklb u ih g_dhlhjhfm dhglmjm S gZau\Z_lky dhglmjguc bgl_]jZe

ss

Ba nhjfmeu G.?.@mdh\kdh]h ke_^m_l, qlh ijbqbghc ihy\e_gby ih^t_fghc kbeu y\eyxlky \bojb, f_jhc bgl_gkb\ghklb dhlhjuo y\ey_lky pbjdmeypby kdhjhklb. Ijb gZagZq_gbb \_ebqbgu pbjdmeypbb kdhjhklb, ^Zxs_c agZq_gb_ ih^t_fghc kbeu, ^hklZlhqgh ohjhrh kh\iZ^Zxs__ k j_Zevguf ^ey ^Zggh]h ijhnbey, bkoh^yl ba ihklmeZlZ @mdh\kdh]h-QZieu]bgZ, kh]eZkgh dhlhjhfm bklbgghc \_ebqbghc pbjdmeypbb y\ey_lky lZ, ijb dhlhjhc kdhjhklv \ lhqd_ aZhklj_gby h[l_dZ_fh]h ijhnbey bf__l dhg_qgh_ agZq_gb_. Ijb ihl_gpbZevghf h[l_dZgbb djueh\h]h ijhnbey [_a pbjdmeypbb, ^Z`_ ijb fZeuo m]eZo ZlZdb, lhqdZ koh^Z g_ kh\iZ^Z_l k hkljhc djhfdhc ijhnbey. Ijb wlhf

251

ihlhd h]b[Z_l aZ^gxx djhfdm ijhnbey b kdhjhklv \ lhqd_ aZhklj_gby l_hj_lbq_kdb jZ\gZ [_kdhg_qghklb, qlh nbabq_kdb g_j_Zevgh. Ijb ihkljh_gbb ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb l_q_gby ^ey kemqZy h[l_dZgby l_eZ k pbjdmeypb_c lhqdZ koh^Z ihlhdZ ^he`gZ jZkiheZ]Zlvky gZ hkljhc djhfd_ ijhnbey, ijb wlhf kdhjhklv \ lhqd_ aZhklj_gby [m^_l bf_lv dhg_qgh_ agZq_gb_.

Ijb ihkljh_gbb ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc k_ldb l_q_gby ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh ijb ihl_gpbZevghf ^\b`_gbb ihl_gpbZe kdhjhklb 3 y\ey_lky h^ghagZqghc nmgdpb_c, ijb h[l_dZgbb k pbjdmeypb_c ihl_gpbZe kdhjhklb fgh]hagZq_g b baf_gy_lky gZ \_ebqbgm pbjdmeypbb = ihke_ dZ`^h]h h[oh^Z dhglmjZ. Ihwlhfm g_h[oh^bfh ijb\_klb fgh]hk\yagmx h[eZklv ^\b`_gby `b^dhklb d h^ghk\yaghc fh^_eb h[eZklb l_q_gby gZ ijb[hj_ W=>:, ijh\h^y jZaj_a ih wd\bihl_gpbZeb, gZqbgZxs_cky gZ h[l_dZ_fhf dhglmj_, ijb wlhf agZq_gby ihl_gpbZeZ ih jZagu_ klhjhgu jZaj_aZ [m^ml hlebqZlvky gZ \_ebqbgm pbjdmeypbb.

IHKLJH?GB? =B>JH>BG:FBQ?KDHC K?LDB L?Q?GBY

H[l_dZ_fuc ijhnbev ba]hlZ\eb\Z_lky ba nhev]b b ijbde_b\Z_lky d we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]_ we_dljhijh\h^guf de__f. D ijhnbex ijbiZb\Z_lky ijh\h^gbd kh rl_ik_evghc \bedhc, ih^dexqZ_fuc d h^ghfm ba ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdbo ^_ebl_e_c gZijy`_gby. H[eZklv l_q_gby \uj_aZ_lky ba we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]b b ih^dexqZ_lky ^ey ihkljh_gby ebgbb lhdZ % = const d bgl_]jZlhjm W=>: (jbk. 23.1) ZgZeh]bqgh kemqZx [_kpbjdmeypbhggh]h h[l_dZgby.

Pbjdmeypby gZ fh^_eb hkms_kl\ey_lky ih^Zq_c gZ dhglmj g_dhlhjh]h agZq_gby Un ihl_gpbZeZ hl ^_ebl_ey gZijy`_gby. Kh]eZkgh ihklmeZlm @mdh\kdh]h-QZieu]bgZ \_ebqbgZ pbjdmeypbb ^he`gZ [ulv lZdhc, qlh[u ihlhd koh^be k ijhnbey \ lhqd_ aZhklj_gby ih dZkZl_evghc d dhglmjm. Ihwlhfm, ij_`^_ q_f gZqZlv ihkljh_gb_ ebgbb lhdZ, gm`gh ih^h[jZlv agZq_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ Un gZ ijhnbe_ ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf. Ijb ^Zgghf Un kljhyl