praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_03

192

Ijb ijh_dlbjh\Zgbb fgh]hklmi_gqZluo i_j_iZ^h\ klj_fylky aZ^Z\Zlv h^bgZdh\mx \ukhlm klmi_g_c k h^bgZdh\ufb \h^hkeb\Zfb gZ ijhf_`mlhqguo klmi_gyo, qlh[u mkeh\by ^\b`_gby \h^u gZ gbo [ueb koh^gufb.

Khijy`_gb_ mjh\g_c gZ i_j_iZ^_ hkms_kl\ey_lky \ j_amevlZl_ ^\b`_gby ihlhdZ ih klmi_gyf, ihklmie_gb_ \h^u gZ dZ`^uc \h^h[hc ZgZeh]bqgh bkl_q_gbx q_j_a khhl\_lkl\mxsbc \h^hkeb\. GZ^h hlf_lblv, qlh i_j_iZ^u dheh^_agh]h lbiZ \k_]^Z ijh_dlbjm_lky k lZdbf jZkq_lhf, qlh[u \h^hkeb\gu_ maeu bo

(h[jZah\Zggu_ \h^h[hcgufb kl_gdZfb beb, \ kemqZ_ i_j\hc klmi_gb, ^hgguf keb\hf) jZ[hlZeb dZd g_ih^lhie_ggu_ \h^hkeb\u, Z ih^ i_j_eb\Zxsb_ky kljmb ^he`_g h[_ki_qb\Zlvky k\h[h^guc ih^\h^ \ha^moZ. B ihkdhevdm h^gbf ba hkgh\guo ij_^gZagZq_gbc \h^h[h_\ i_j_iZ^Z y\ey_lky ]Zr_gb_ ba[ulhqghc dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb, gZdhie_gghc ijb bkl_q_gbb q_j_a \h^hkeb\u \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb kljmb, lh \ ij_^_eZo \h^h[h_\ ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky kha^Zgb_ mkeh\bc ^ey \hagbdgh\_gby aZlhie_ggh]h ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h iju`dZ. < agZqbl_evghc f_j_ wlhc p_eb kihkh[kl\m_l mkljhckl\h \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb beb mklmiZ \ dhgp_ \h^h[hy, ijb wlhf `_ khdjZsZ_lky ^ebgZ \h^h[hcghc qZklb.

Ba \ur_ kdZaZggh]h klZgh\blky ykguf, qlh m fgh]hklmi_gqZluo i_j_iZ^h\ dheh^_agh]h lbiZ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhfm jZkq_lm gZ^h ih^\_j]Zlv lhevdh ljb klmi_gb – i_j\mx, \lhjmx b ihke_^gxx, lZd dZd mkeh\by ijhl_dZgby \h^u \ ij_^_eZo wlbo klmi_g_c jZaebqgu_. Mkeh\by ijhl_dZgby gZ ijhf_`mlhqguo klmi_gyo lZdb_ `_, dZd b gZ \lhjhc klmi_gb. Ihwlhfm ijhf_`mlhqgu_ klmi_gb g_ jZkkqblu\Zxl, Z jZaf_ju bo ijbgbfZxl lZdbfb, dZd b jZaf_ju \lhjhc klmi_gb.

GZ \h^h[hyo i_j_iZ^h\ dheh^_agh]h lbiZ ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky h[jZah\Zgb_ ih^i_jluo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo iju`dh\, gZqZeh dhlhjuo kh\iZ^Z_l kh k`Zluf k_q_gb_f, beb k g_agZqbl_evguf aZlhie_gb_f k_q_gby. Kl_i_gv aZlhie_gby ijbgylh oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv dhwnnbpb_glhf aZiZkZ (beb dhwnnbpb_glhf aZlhie_gby) 13, ij_^klZ\eyxsbf kh[hc hlghr_gb_ aZlZieb\Zxs_c ]em[bgu haZl

193 dh \lhjhc khijy`_gghc ]em[bg_ iju`dZ hÝ, l._. 13 = haZl/ hÝ AgZq_gb_ 13 ijbgbfZxl 13 = 1…1,1.

>ebgm \h^h[hy m\yau\Zxl k ^ebghc ih^i_jlh]h iju`dZ, Z g_ k gZebqb_f \h^h\hjhlguo h[eZkl_c b bo jZaf_jZfb – dZd \ ijhreu_ ]h^u. Wlh hagZqZ_l, qlh \h^h[hc gZ^h mkljZb\Zlv lhevdh lZf, ]^_ gZ[ex^Z_lky [mjgh_ ^\b`_gb_ ihlhdZ.

Dhg_p wlh]h ihlhdZ kh\iZ^Z_l k k_q_gb_f, \ dhlhjhf ljZgablgZy kljmy ^hklb]Z_l fbgbfmfZ wg_j]bb, l._. k f_klhf, ]^_ gZqbgZ_lky kihdhcgh_ ^\b`_gb_ ihlhdZ.

=em[bgZ ljZgablghc kljmb \ wlhf k_q_gbb jZ\gZ djblbq_kdhc ]em[bg_ (ht = hd).

Hq_\b^gh, qlh ih^ ih^i_jluf iju`dhf gZ^h ihgbfZlv lZdhc iju`hd, \ dhlhjhf ljZgablgZy kljmy i_j_^ ]Zkbl_e_f mki_\Z_l jZkrbjblvky ^h djblbq_kdhc ]em[bgu ijb gZebqbb ^hklZlhqgh jZa\blh]h ih\_joghklgh]h \h^h\hjhlZ.

Ih^i_jlu_ iju`db h[jZamxlky \ j_amevlZl_ ^hihegbl_evgh]h \ha^_ckl\by gZ ihlhd ]Zkbl_e_c wg_j]bb. Wlh \ha^_ckl\b_ oZjZdl_jbam_lky: 1) kh\f_klguf \ebygb_f gZ ihlhd ]Zkbl_ey wg_j]bb b ^Z\e_gby \h^u \ hl\h^ys_f jmke_; 2) lhevdh j_Zdlb\guf ^_ckl\b_f ]Zkbl_ey, dh]^Z mjh\_gv \h^u \ G; g_ \eby_l gZ h[jZah\Zgb_ ih^i_jlh]h iju`dZ, ihke_^gb_ gZau\Zxl kZfhh[jZamxsbfbky (jbk. 19.2).

Jbk. 19.2

GZ \h^h[hyo i_j_iZ^Z ij_^mkfZljb\Zxl g_kZfhh[jZamxsb_ky ih^i_jlu_ iju`db (jbk. 19.3).

194

Jbk. 19.3 Z

Jbk. 19.3 [

=_hf_ljbq_kdb_ jZaf_ju we_f_glh\ i_j_iZ^Z dheh^_agh]h lbiZ, Z bf_ggh – \ukhlu \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb, ]em[bgu \h^h[hcgh]h dheh^pZ, ^ebgu \h^h[h_\ hij_^_eyxlky ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbf jZkq_lhf ih aZ^Zgghfm beb jZkq_lghfm jZkoh^m \h^u. ?keb hjb_glbjh\Zlvky gZ h[s_ijbagZggmx ko_fm ih^i_jluo iju`dh\ (jbk. 19.4), lh ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc jZkq_l gZ^h \uihegylv ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb ^\b`_gby

195

\h^u ba \h^h[hcgh]h dheh^pZ, ZgZeh]bqgh]h ^\b`_gbx __ q_j_a \h^hkeb\u aZ kq_l i_j_iZ^Z mjh\g_c ûZ i_j_^ ]Zkbl_e_f b aZ gbf.

Jbk. 19.4 Z

Jbk. 19.4 [

Kh]eZkgh `_ gh\_crbf bkke_^h\Zgbyf gb`g_]h [v_nZ ^\b`_gb_ \h^u aZ ]Zkbl_e_f, dh]^Z iju`hd gZoh^blky \ ij_^_evghf iheh`_gbb (jbk. 19.3), ijhbkoh^bl g_ aZ kq_l ij_\jZs_gby ihl_gpbZevghc wg_j]bb ûW \ dbg_lbq_kdmx, Z aZ kq_l dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb ljZgablghc kljmb. Wg_j]by kljmb qZklbqgh ^bkkbibjm_lky, Z qZklbqgh aZljZqb\Z_lky gZ kha^Zgb_ i_j\hgZqZevgh]h ^\b`_gby gZ ihke_iju`dh\hf mqZkld_. I_j_iZ^Z ûZ g_ gZ[ex^Z_lky. Mjh\gb \h^u gZ ]Zkbl_e_ b aZ gbf \ur_, q_f i_j_^ ]Zkbl_e_f.

196

>ey khijy`_gguo ]em[bg ih^i_jluo iju`dh\ aZibku\Zxl l_hj_fm dhebq_kl\Z ^\b`_gby, gh \ ljZ^bpbhggh_ mjZ\g_gb_ kh]eZkgh gh\hc fh^_eb iju`dZ gZ^h ^hihegbl_evgh \\_klb qe_gu, mqblu\Zxsb_:

1)j_Zdpbx ]Zkbl_ey;

2)p_gljh[_`gu_ kbeu bg_jpbb;

3)bfimevk lmj[me_glguo gZijy`_gbc;

4)baf_g_gb_ dhebq_kl\Z ^\b`_gby \ h[t_f_ iju`dZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl baf_g_gby kdhjhkl_c \ lhqdZo ih \j_f_gb.

Ijb mq_l_ j_Zdpbb ]Zkbl_ey \ mjZ\g_gb_ \hc^_l \ukhlZ ]Zkbl_ey d – \ukhlZ kl_gdb Jk beb \ukhlZ \h^h[hcgh]h mklmiZ dheh^pZ d0.

Ij_h[jZah\Zggh_ bkoh^gh_ mjZ\g_gb_, aZibku\Z_fh_ hlghkbl_evgh \lhjhc khijy`_gghc ]em[bgu g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh m ]Zkbl_ey, bf__l \b^

]^_ d – \ukhlZ ]Zkbl_ey (\ukhlZ \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb beb \ukhlZ \h^h[hcgh]h mklmiZ, l._. ]em[bgZ dheh^pZ); hï - i_j\Zy khijy`_ggZy ]em[bgZ, jZ\gZy ]em[bg_ ihlhdZ \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb hk; hd – djblbq_kdZy ]em[bgZ, \uqbkey_fZy ih nhjfme_

g

]^_ q – m^_evguc jZkoh^ q Q ; b – rbjbgZ ihlhdZ; . – dhwnnbpb_gl, . =

\

1,05.

=em[bgZ \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb hk hij_^_ey_lky ba hkgh\gh]h mjZ\g_gby l_hjbb khijy`_gby [v_nh\, ihemqZ_fh]h gZ hkgh\_ mjZ\g_gby ;_jgmeeb

197

]^_ ?0 – ihegZy wg_j]by \ e_\hc qZklb mjZ\g_gby ;_jgmeeb, agZq_gb_ ?0

[m^_l hij_^_eylvky \ jZa^_e_ «H[jZ[hldZ hiulguo ^Zgguo»; 3 - dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb, mqblu\Zxsbc ihl_jb gZihjZ f_`^m jZkkfZljb\Z_fufb k_q_gbyfb ihlhdZ, dhlhju_ k\yau\Zxlky mjZ\g_gb_f ;_jgmeeb.

MjZ\g_gb_ (19.3) fh`gh j_rZlv f_lh^hf ihke_^h\Zl_evguo ijb[eb`_gbc.

AgZq_gb_ h \ i_j\hf ijb[eb`_gbb \uqbkey_lky ih \ujZ`_gbx

AgZq_gb_ hk(2) \h \lhjhf ijb[eb`_gbb

Dhebq_kl\h ijb[eb`_gbc lZdh\h, qlh[u jZkoh`^_gb_ f_`^m agZq_gbyfb ihke_^mxs_]h b ij_^r_kl\mxs_]h \uqbke_gbc g_ ij_\urZeh 5%.

Ih mjZ\g_gbx (19.1) fh`gh hij_^_eylv \ukhlm ]Zkbl_ey, _keb ba\_klgZ \lhjZy khijy`_ggZy ]em[bgZ ih^i_jlh]h iju`dZ gZ \h^h[h_ hÝ.

MjZ\g_gb_ (19.1) kh^_j`bl ^\Z iZjZf_ljZ – \lhjmx khijy`_ggmx ]em[bgm hÝ b \ukhlm ]Zkbl_ey d, agZq_gby dhlhjuo gZ^h hij_^_eylv ih wlhfm mjZ\g_gbx.

198

Ihkdhevdm \ jZa^_e_ «P_ev jZ[hlu» mdZau\Z_lky gZ g_h[oh^bfhklv ih^[hjZ jZaf_jh\ we_f_glh\ fh^_eb, lh ijb \uiheg_gbb jZkq_lh\ ih gZklhys_c jZ[hl_ fh`gh kqblZlv \ukhlm \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb aZ^Zgghc b k mq_lhf __ \_ebqbgu \uqbkeylv hÝ ih mjZ\g_gbx (19.1).

Fh`gh ij_^\Zjbl_evgh \uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ \lhjhc khijy`_gghc ]em[bgu gZ i_j\hf \h^h[h_ hÝ ih mjZ\g_gbx ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h iju`dZ klZjhc fh^_eb

Z aZl_f, ih^klZ\eyy wlh agZq_gb_ \ mjZ\g_gb_ (19.6), hij_^_eblv lj_[m_fmx \ukhlm \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb.

Ijb jZkq_l_ ]em[bgu \h^h[hcgh]h dheh^pZ gZ \lhjhc kl_i_gb i_j_iZ^Z \ dZq_kl\_ \lhjhc khijy`_gghc ]em[bgu ijbgbfZ_lky kmffZ [ulh\hc ]em[bgu h/ b

]^_ hk – k`ZlZy ]em[bgZ gZ \h^h[h_ \lhjhc klmi_gb i_j_iZ^Z, _z agZq_gb_ hij_^_ey_lky \ jZa^_e_ «H[jZ[hldZ hiulguo ^Zgguo»; h/ – [ulh\Zy ]em[bgZ ba\_klgZ ih ^Zgguf baf_j_gbc.

=hjbahglZevgu_ jZaf_ju khhjm`_gby ij_^klZ\e_gu ^ebghc \h^h[h_\. Ba jbk. 19.1 hq_\b^gh, qlh ^ebgZ \h^h[hy l\ kdeZ^u\Z_lky ba ^ebgu ih^i_jlh]h iju`dZ li ij b ^Zevghklb hle_lZ kljmb li,

199

>ebgZ ih^i_jlh]h iju`dZ ijb bkl_q_gbb q_j_a \h^hkeb\u hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_

]^_ – dhwnnbpb_gl, mqblu\Zxsbc \ebygb_ ]Zkbl_ey gZ ^ebgm iju`dZ, = 0,7…0,8; m – dhwnnbpb_gl jZkoh^Z \h^hkeb\Z; ^ey \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb ijyfhm]hevgh]h hq_jlZgby m = 0,42; ^ey \h^hkeb\Z k rbjhdbf ihjh]hf agZq_gb_ m mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ih kijZ\hqguf ^Zgguf, ijb\h^bfuf \ eZ[hjZlhjghc jZ[hl_ ‹15; J – \ukhlZ kl_gdb iZ^_gby; G0 – iheguc gZihj gZ \h^hkeb\_

]^_ G – ]_hf_ljbq_kdbc gZihj gZ \h^hkeb\_; V – kj_^gyy kdhjhklv \ k_q_gbb ihlhdZ i_j_^ \h^hkeb\hf (V q h, q Q\); Q – hiulguc jZkoh^; \ – rbjbgZ k_q_gby ihlhdZ.

>ebgZ hle_lZ kljmb li aZ\bkbl hl mkeh\bc bkl_q_gby q_j_a \h^hkeb\u.

Ijb i_j_eb\_ kljmb q_j_a \h^hkeb\ k rbjhdbf ihjh]hf (\oh^gZy qZklv i_j_iZ^Z)

200

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

JZ[hlZ ijh\h^blky \ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhf ehld_ (kf. jZ[hlm ‹10) gZ fh^_eb ^\moklmi_gqZlh]h i_j_iZ^Z dheh^_agh]h lbiZ (jbk. 19.1).

JZaf_ju fh^_eb aZf_jyxlky \ ijhp_kk_ ijh\_^_gby jZ[hlu.

Ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky \hafh`ghklv baf_g_gby jZaf_jh\ fh^_eb.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

<dexqZ_lky p_gljh[_`guc gZkhk, ih^Zxsbc \h^m \ gZihjguc [Zd, \ dhlhjhf ih^^_j`b\Z_lky ihklhygguc gZihj.

Hldjulb_f j_]mebjmxs_c aZ^\b`db gZ iblZxs_c ljm[_ mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky jZagu_ jZkoh^u \h^u \ ehld_. GZ[ex^Zxlky k[jhku wlbo jZkoh^h\ ih i_j_iZ^m [_a ]Zkbl_e_c wg_j]bb b k ]Zkbl_eyfb (k \h^h[hcghc kl_gdhc b \h^h[hcguf mklmihf). G_h[oh^bfuc mjh\_gv \h^u \ gb`g_f [v_n_ ih^^_j`b\Z_lky k ihfhsvx aZl\hjZ-`Zexab, mklZgh\e_ggh]h \ dhgp_ ehldZ.

Bkoh^y ba ijbgylh]h \ hiul_ jZkoh^Z gZ fh^_eb khhjm`_gby ih^[bjZxlky \ukhlZ \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb b ^ebgZ i_j\h]h \h^h[hy, ^ebgZ b ]em[bgZ \h^h[hcgh]h dheh^pZ gZ \lhjhc klmi_gb ijb mkeh\bb ghjfZevghc jZ[hlu i_j_iZ^Z – gZ \h^h[hyo klmi_g_c ^he`gu [ulv lhevdh ih^i_jlu_ g_kZfhh[jZamxsb_ky ]b^jZ\ebq_kdb_ iju`db.

Hiulguc jZkoh^ hij_^_eyxl k ihfhsvx \h^hkeb\Z LhfkhgZ (kf. jZ[hlm

‹4).

B]hevqZluf mjh\g_f_jhf baf_jyxl hlf_ldb mjh\gy \h^u \ \_jog_f b gb`g_f [v_nZo, ihjh]Z \oh^ghc qZklb i_j_iZ^Z, \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb, \h^h[h_\,

^gZ hl\h^ys_]h jmkeZ (G;), hlf_ldb k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb \h^u \ oZjZdl_jguo k_q_gbyo i_j_iZ^Z, g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey hij_^_e_gby ]em[bg b ihkljh_gby wlhc djb\hc \ ij_^_eZo khhjm`_gby. Ebg_cdhc baf_jyxl ]hjbahglZevgu_ jZaf_ju i_j_iZ^Z.

1Hlf_ldZ \_jrbgu m]eZ lj_m]hevgh]h baf_jbl_evgh]h \h^hkeb\Z, û0, kf

2Hlf_ldZ mjh\gy \h^u i_j_^ \h^hkeb\hf, û, kf

3 GZihj gZ \h^hkeb\_ G=’ - ’0, kf

4JZkoh^ \h^u Q, e/k

6RbjbgZ ihlhdZ (i_j_iZ^Z) \, kf

BamqZ_fuc i_j_iZ^

7Hlf_ldZ mjh\gy \h^u \ \_jog_f [v_n_, ’1, kf

8Hlf_ldZ \oh^ghc qZklb i_j_iZ^Z, ’2, kf

9Hlf_ldZ \_joZ \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb, ’3, kf

10Hlf_ldZ ^gZ i_j\hc klmi_gb, ’4,kf

11Hlf_ldZ mjh\gy \h^u \ gb`g_f [v_n_, ’5, kf

12Hlf_ldZ ^gZ \ gb`g_f [v_n_, ’6, kf

13Hlf_ldZ ^gZ \h^h[hcgh]h dheh^pZ ’7, kf

14Hlf_ldZ ^gZ ehldZ \ <;, ’8, kf

15Hlf_ldZ k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb \h^u gZ ihjh]_ \oh^ghc qZklb:

-gZ^ \oh^guf j_[jhf ’9, kf

-gZ^ \uoh^guf j_[jhf ’10, kf

GZ \h^h[h_ i_j\hc klmi_gb:

gZ jZkklhygbb l hl kl_gdb iZ^_gby

gZ^ \oh^guf j_[jhf \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb ’15, kf GZ \h^h[h_ \lhjhc klmi_gb:

-gZ^ \uoh^guf j_[jhf \h^h[hcghc kl_gdb ’16, kf, gZ jZkklhygbb l hl kl_gdb iZ^_gby