
- •ВВЕДЕНИЕ
- •PART I
- •Unit 1
- •Text A. About Myself
- •Text B. What is Economics?
- •Grammar
- •Unit 2.
- •Text A. My Friend Tatiana
- •Text В. Definitions of Economics
- •Grammar
- •Unit 3.
- •Text A. My Family
- •Text B. Three Types of Economists
- •Unit 4.
- •Text A. My University
- •Text B. Economics at the University of Cambridge
- •Grammar
- •Unit 5.
- •Text A. The Russian Federation
- •Text В. Economy of Russia
- •Grammar
- •Unit 6.
- •Text A. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- •Text B. Economy of the United Kingdom
- •Unit 7.
- •Text A. American Values
- •Text B. American Economy
- •Grammar
- •Unit 8.
- •Text A. Australia
- •Text В. Economy of Australia
- •Grammar
- •Unit 9.
- •Text A. What Jobs Do Economics Graduates Get in the United States?
- •Text B. Looking for a Job
- •Grammar
- •PART II
- •Unit 1. ECONOMICS
- •Text A. Modern Economic Thought
- •Text B. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
- •Unit 2. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
- •Text A. Capitalism
- •Text B. Planned Economies
- •Unit 3. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF ECONOMICS
- •Text A. Law of Demand
- •Text B. Law of Supply
- •Unit 4. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
- •Text A. Inflation
- •Text В. Unemployment in the USA
- •Unit 5. MARKET
- •Text A. Competition
- •Text В. Natural Monopoly
- •Unit 6. MACROECONOMIC PARAMETERS
- •Text A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- •Text В. Business Cycles
- •Unit 7. MANAGEMENT
- •Text A. Management
- •Text B. Key Traits of Successful Leaders
- •Unit 8. MARKETING
- •Text A. Marketing
- •Text B. Brand Names
- •Unit 9. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
- •Text A. The World Bank
- •Text B. The International Monetary Fund
- •PART III
- •Lives of Great Economists
- •Biography of Adam Smith (1723 — 1790)
- •Biography of David Ricardo (1772 — 1823)
- •Biography of J. S. Mill (1806 — 1873)
- •Biography of Karl Marx (1818 — 1883)
- •Biography of Thornstein Veblen (1857 — 1929)
- •Biography of Alfred Marshall (1842 — 1924)
- •Biography of Carl Menger (1840 — 1921)
- •Biography of John Maynard Keynes (1883 — 1946)
- •Autobiography of Ragnar Frisch (1895 — 1973)
- •How I Became an Economist by Paul A. Samuelson
- •Autobiography of Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (1912 — 1986)
- •Biography of Milton Friedman (1912 — ...)
- •Autobiography of George J. Stigler
- •Autobiography of John F. Nash, Jr. (1928 — ...)
- •Works of Great Economists
- •An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
- •Principles of Economics
- •General Theory of Employment, Interest and Mone
Exercise 17. Write sentences with the following verbs:
•to notice;
•to dispute;
•to react to;
•to explore;
•to define;
•to include;
•to expand;
•to differ from;
•to satisfy.
Exercise 18. What definition of economics do you think is the most correct? Explain your position.
Grammar
Образование множественного числа имен существительных
Множественное число существительных (кроме тех, у которых основа оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x) образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -s.
Например:
a boy |
boys, |
a trick |
tricks, |
a pen |
pens, |
a girl |
girls. |
Множественное число существительных, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, -s, -s, -sh, -x, а также существительных, имеющих, как правило, окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -es.
Например:
a bench |
benches, a bus buses, |
a glass |
glasses, |
a box |
boxes, |
a potato |
potatoes. |
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Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после согласной), во множественном числе имеют окончание -ies.
Например:
an army |
armies, |
a fly |
flies, |
a lady |
ladies. |
Конечное f(-fe), как правило, меняется на -ves.
Например:
a calf |
— calves, |
a knife |
— knives, |
a shelf |
— shelves, |
a wife |
— wives (но: roof — roofs). |
Ряд существительных образуют множественное число не по об-
щим правилам:
а) |
изменяется корневая гласная: |
a man — men, a woman — women, a foot — feet, a tooth — teeth, a |
|
goose — geese, a mouse — mice; |
|
б) |
добавляется окончание -en: |
an ox — oxen, a child — children; |
|
в) |
заимствуются формы единственного и множественного |
числа из латинского и греческого языков:
a formula — formulae (formulas), a crisis — crises, a criterion — criteria, an index — indices, a bacterium — bacteria.
В английском языке есть существительные, которые имеют одну (общую) форму для единственного и множественного числа:
adeer(олень) — deer(олени),
asheep (овца) — sheep (овцы),
afish (рыба) — fish (рыбы), swine (свинья) — swine (свиньи).
Некоторые существительные имеют только единственное чис-
ло: money (деньги), hair (волосы), weather (погода), advice (совет),
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information (информация), news (новости), knowledge (знания), furniture (мебель), luggage (багаж).
Некоторые — только множественное число: clothes (одежда), goods (товары), jeans (джинсы).
Только во множественном числе употребляются обозначения предметов, состоящих из двух и более частей: trousers (брюки), scissors (ножницы), shorts (шорты), glasses (очки).
Запомните:
this is — these are that is — those are there is — there are it is — they are
Grammar Task A. Which of these nouns are countable (исчисляемые) and which are uncountable (неисчисляемые)?
Money, tea, car, rain, song, music, milk, time, story, brother, family, light, river, ocean, water, minute, flower, jam, fish, process, information, friend, friendship, teacher, pen, photo, advice, goods, wife, clothes, meat, paper, egg, wine, cheese.
Grammar Task B. Which of these nouns are countable? Put the countable nouns in the plural form.
Dollar – money, song – music, bag – luggage, table – furniture, bottle – wine, report – information.
Grammar Task C. Read and translate the following sentences. Explain which nouns are countable and which are uncountable.
1. Two teas, please. I like hot tea with milk and sugar. 2. My father's favourite coffees are cappuccino and espresso. I do not usually drink much coffee. 3. Two glasses of apple juice, please. This table is made of glass and steel. I have to start wearing glasses. 4 He does not eat much fish. We went fishing and caught ten fish. 5. We do not have much time. I have done it so many times before.
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Grammar Task D. Put the following nouns in the plural form.
Sheep, box, furniture, shock, jeans, cup, calf, lady, glass, child, foot, table, apple, information, car, student, banana, army, potato, mouse, mistake, person, women, advice, pizza, formula, index, knowledge, tomato, man, play, money, time, leaf, child, tooth, shelf, month, news, luggage.
Grammar Task E. Put the following phrases in the plural form.
This gentleman; that lady; this information; that box; this film; that match; this shelf; this advice; that crisis; this tooth; that potato; this news; that brick; this house.
Grammar Task F. Put the marked nouns in the plural form and make the necessary changes in the sentences.
1. There is a new shop in our street. 2. I do not know that gentleman. 3. Who is this lady? 4. This book is very interesting but too short. 5. My grandmother has a cow, an ox and a sheep. 6. I need to buy a new shelf. 7. I will add a tomato and a pepper in the salad. 8. I saw a mouse in the barn. 9. I hurt my leg when I was skiing. 10. Her child speaks English. 11. This girl comes from the Ukraine. 12. "Where is my toy?" cried a little boy. 13. This is my money. 14. This is not your pen. 15. This shop is new. 16. Is this a good student? 17. He has got a new bike. 18. I haveseen that woman before. 19. That gentleman looks familiar.
Grammar Task G. Write sentences with the following words and phrases.
Pizza — two pizzas — a slice of pizza, paper — newspapers — a sheet of paper, tea — three hot teas — a cup of tea, juice — a glass of juice — juices, cheese — two pieces of cheese — cheeses.
Притяжательный падеж существительных the child's toys — the children's toys
the boy's books — the boys' books
Притяжательный падеж неодушевленных имен существительных может быть образован только с помощью предлога of.
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Например:
a leg of the table.
Grammar Task H. Change the phrases using the possessive case (притяжательный падеж) where possible.
Example: |
|
The poems of Pushkin |
— Pushkin's poems. |
The floor of my bedroom |
— The floor of my bedroom. |
1. The house of my grandmother. 2. A leg of the chair. 3. The roof of the house. 4. The voice of my brother. 5. The voice of Jason. 6. The flat of our neighbours. 7. The hats of those women. 8. The novel by Dostoevsky. 9. The computer of my friend. 10. The flat of my friends. 11. The car of my father. 12. A book of the teacher 13. The phone of his friend. 14. The dictionary of our teacher.
Grammar Task I. Translate into English. Use the possessive case where possible.
1. Это стол учителя. 2. Сестра моего брата работает в Москве. 3. Чья это сумка? — Это сумка Вадима. 4. Чьи это тетради? — Это тетради студентов. 5. Пожалуйста, дай мне телефон твоего брата. Мне нужно с ним поговорить. 6. Где мамин зонтик? 7. Это словарь учителя английского языка. 8. Это брат моего друга. Он психолог.
Порядок слов в английском предложении
В английском предложении каждый член предложения имеет свое определенное место. Порядок слов в простом повествовательном предложении следующий:
1.подлежащее;
2.сказуемое;
3.дополнение (беспредложное, прямое, предложное);
4.обстоятельства (образа действия, места, времени).
Например:
1)I;
2)gave;
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