- •ВВЕДЕНИЕ
- •PART I
- •Unit 1
- •Text A. About Myself
- •Text B. What is Economics?
- •Grammar
- •Unit 2.
- •Text A. My Friend Tatiana
- •Text В. Definitions of Economics
- •Grammar
- •Unit 3.
- •Text A. My Family
- •Text B. Three Types of Economists
- •Unit 4.
- •Text A. My University
- •Text B. Economics at the University of Cambridge
- •Grammar
- •Unit 5.
- •Text A. The Russian Federation
- •Text В. Economy of Russia
- •Grammar
- •Unit 6.
- •Text A. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- •Text B. Economy of the United Kingdom
- •Unit 7.
- •Text A. American Values
- •Text B. American Economy
- •Grammar
- •Unit 8.
- •Text A. Australia
- •Text В. Economy of Australia
- •Grammar
- •Unit 9.
- •Text A. What Jobs Do Economics Graduates Get in the United States?
- •Text B. Looking for a Job
- •Grammar
- •PART II
- •Unit 1. ECONOMICS
- •Text A. Modern Economic Thought
- •Text B. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
- •Unit 2. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
- •Text A. Capitalism
- •Text B. Planned Economies
- •Unit 3. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF ECONOMICS
- •Text A. Law of Demand
- •Text B. Law of Supply
- •Unit 4. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
- •Text A. Inflation
- •Text В. Unemployment in the USA
- •Unit 5. MARKET
- •Text A. Competition
- •Text В. Natural Monopoly
- •Unit 6. MACROECONOMIC PARAMETERS
- •Text A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- •Text В. Business Cycles
- •Unit 7. MANAGEMENT
- •Text A. Management
- •Text B. Key Traits of Successful Leaders
- •Unit 8. MARKETING
- •Text A. Marketing
- •Text B. Brand Names
- •Unit 9. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
- •Text A. The World Bank
- •Text B. The International Monetary Fund
- •PART III
- •Lives of Great Economists
- •Biography of Adam Smith (1723 — 1790)
- •Biography of David Ricardo (1772 — 1823)
- •Biography of J. S. Mill (1806 — 1873)
- •Biography of Karl Marx (1818 — 1883)
- •Biography of Thornstein Veblen (1857 — 1929)
- •Biography of Alfred Marshall (1842 — 1924)
- •Biography of Carl Menger (1840 — 1921)
- •Biography of John Maynard Keynes (1883 — 1946)
- •Autobiography of Ragnar Frisch (1895 — 1973)
- •How I Became an Economist by Paul A. Samuelson
- •Autobiography of Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (1912 — 1986)
- •Biography of Milton Friedman (1912 — ...)
- •Autobiography of George J. Stigler
- •Autobiography of John F. Nash, Jr. (1928 — ...)
- •Works of Great Economists
- •An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
- •Principles of Economics
- •General Theory of Employment, Interest and Mone
5.Is economic cooperation between Australia and Russia
possible?
6.Are there any investments in Russian economy by Australian
investors?
7.Are there any Russian investments in Australian economy?
Grammar
Причастие и герундий. Их отличие Причастие I (Participle I)
Причастие I (причастие настоящего времени), образованное при помощи окончания -ing, имеет активную и страдательную формы:
активная (несовершенный вид) — asking; активная (совершенный вид) — having asked; страдательная (несовершенный вид) — being asked;
страдательная (совершенный вид) — having been asked.
Причастие I употребляется в качестве:
1. |
Определения: |
|
The man sitting at the table is our |
Человек, сидящий за столом, — |
|
teacher. |
наш учитель. |
|
The houses being built in our town |
Дома, строящиеся в нашем |
|
are not very high. |
городе, невысокие. |
|
2. |
Обстоятельства: |
|
Going home I met an old friend. |
Идя домой, я встретил старого |
|
Having finished work I went home. |
друга. |
|
Закончив работу, я пошел |
||
|
|
домой., |
Причастие II (Participle II)
Причастие II (причастие прошедшего времени) всегда пассивно. Оно образуется прибавлением суффикса -ed к основе правильного глагола или путем чередования звуков в корне неправильного глагола.
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Причастие II употребляется в функции:
1. |
Определения: |
|
The book translated from English |
Книга, переведенная с англий- |
|
is very interesting. |
ского языка, интересная. |
|
2.Обстоятельства (причины и времени):
Given the task he began to work. |
Когда ему дали задание, он |
|
начал работать. |
Употребление герундия и его отличие от причастия I
Причастие — неличная форма глагола, промежуточная между глаголом и прилагательным.
Например:
The boy playing in the yard is my |
Мальчик (какой?), играющий |
brother. |
во дворе, — мой брат. |
Герундий также является неличной формой глагола, промежуточной между существительным и глаголом.
Например:
Smoking is harmful. |
Курение (что?) вредно. |
Иными словами, причастие — в большей степени прилагательное по своим функциям, герундий — существительное.
Герундий употребляется:
1.В качестве подлежащего:
Например:
Reading is useful.
2.Как часть сказуемого после глаголов to finish, to start, to continue, to go on, to keep и др.
Например:
He started reading the book.
3.Как предложное дополнение.
Например:
lam fond of reading.
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4.Как прямое дополнение.
Например:
Do you mind ту reading here?
5.Как обстоятельство времени.
Например:
After reading he closed the book.
6.Как обстоятельство образа действия.
Например:
Instead of reading he went to the movies.
Активная форма герундия: giving, beating и т. д. Пассивная форма герундия: being given, being beaten и т. д.
Grammar Task A. translate into Russian.
1. The girl working in this shop is my sister. 2. The girl smiling at you is her friend. 3. Having worked together for a long tome they can trust each other. 4. Having worked on Saturdays and Sundays the girls will go to the university on Monday. 5. The girls are good students interested in building their careers in sales.
Grammar Task B. Open the brackets, using the Gerund. Translate the sentences.
1. Do you mind (to help) me? 2. Accountants are tired after (to write) financial reports. 3. After (to look) at the Text, I understood that I needed a dictionary. 4. Instead of (to look) for the dictionary, I asked my brother to translate the word. 5. After (to say) a few words in English he knew that I was from Russia. 6. After he (to refuse) once I never asked him for help again. 7. When I started (to translate) I understood that the Text was easy. 8. Keep on (to read) the book with the dictionary. 9. (To swim) is good for your back. 10. Do you mind (to wash) dishes? 11. I quit (to smoke). 12 (To smoke) is bad for you health. 13. The grass is dry. It needs (to water). 14. (To travel) is always fun.
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Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
Сложное дополнение — это сочетание существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (напр., me, him, us, them) с инфинитивом или причастием I. Существует в трех основных вариантах.
1. С инфинитивом без частицы to или с причастием I после глаголов восприятия:
see Например:
I saw him drive the car. I saw them working in the lab.
watch |
|
Например: |
|
We watched the plane land. |
We watched the children playing |
|
in the yard. |
notice |
|
Например: |
|
Nobody noticed him go out. |
He didn't notice that happen. |
feel |
|
Например: |
|
She felt somebody touch her hand. |
They didn't feel the train start. |
hear |
|
Например: |
|
I didn't hear you come into the |
I heard her playing piano. |
room. |
|
В первом случае (вышеперечисленные глаголы с инфинитивом без частицы to) подчеркивается факт действия, во втором (эти же глаголы с причастием I) — процесс действия.
Например:
I saw him enter the house.
I saw him entering the house.
Явидел, как он вошел в дом.
Явидел, как он входил в дом.
2. С инфинитивом без частицы to после глаголов: to let
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Например:
Don't let them play in the street.
to make Например:
Don't make me laugh.
3. С инфинитивом с частицей to после глаголов: to want
Например:
Iwantyou to findme aplace in the firstrow.
to expect Например:
I expect you to come on time.
to believe Например:
I believe her to be a very good teacher.
to know Например:
I know him to be a good student.
to advise Например:
I advise you to enter the institute.
to consider Например:
The climate in England is considered to be mild.
to order Например:
He is ordered not to be late.
to allow Например:
They allow to use dictionaries at the exam.
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