Английский язык (для зо) / умк_Славинская_Англ.яз_заоч._184-4

The climate of Great Britain is mild. The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the weather of the British Isles. The summers are cool and rainy. It is not so hot in England as on the continent. July is the warmest month. The average July temperature in' the south-east is 17°C, and in the north-west it is 14°C. There is much rai n and fog in autumn and in winter. October is often the rainiest month of the year. Snow is rare and it does not lie on the ground for long. The average January temperature is about 5°C above zero. February is the coldest month in Great Britain. But, of course, the climate is different in different parts of the country. In Scotland the climate is colder than in England.

Great Britain has an area of 244,000 square kilometres and a population of 54,744,000. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The average density of population is very high: about 220 people per square kilometre. The greater part of the population is urban. About 80% of the people live in numerous towns and cities.

Getting about London

What is London?

We can say that it is one of the largest cities in the world, that it is one of the world's most important ports and that it is the capital of Great Britain But all these answers do not give any idea of London.

London is more than two thousand and five hundred years old. About seven million people live there. There are more than 10 thousand streets in London.

Most of the streets are not very wide and most of the buildings are not tall, but multistorey buildings have also appeared in London and almost all of them are hotels and offices.

London Underground (or Tube) is the oldest and longest in Europe. There are eleven different lines with more than 500 stations.

Although London is a crowded and noisy city you can find many pleasant parks and green squares there.

Regent's Parks the most beautiful park and Hyde Park is the largest, it is one of the most popular places of rest of Londoners on hot summer days.

There are three main parts in London: the City, the West End and the East

End.

The oldest part of London is the City, the business centre. But the political centre is Westminster which is in the West End.

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The West End is famous for its rich shops, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, museums and other places of interest. Only rich people live there.

The East End is another part of London. Many houses there are poor and many streets are narrow and dirty. The East End is famous for its docks but they have been closed. Now people are building houses there.

There is so much to see in London that even Londoners can always find new sights. They like to say: "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life".

Computer With Laser Beam Memory

According to the Corporation, the laser beam memory has the largest storage capacity of its type.

Compared with the conventional magnetic disc, its capacity is 100 times larger. It is 10,000 times more efficient for storage than magnetic tape.

It reads the stored information 100 times faster than a conventional memory and it is expected to pave the way for production of miniature computers with faster reading capacity.

The Moon

On discussing the practical problems involved in exploring the solar system, academician Semyonov said: I should like to examine opportunities for utilizing the moon to supply power to our planet. The moon is 16 times smaller than the earth, but since it has no atmosphere it gets three times more solar radiation, per unit of territory than the earth. Consequently, in terms of solar energy absorption, the moon is equivalent to one-fifth of the Earth's surface or, what amounts to the same thing, gets nearly as much energy as all our continents.

Why dо Scientists Talk?

There are two main methods for scientists to communicate with each other. The publication of scientific research papers is the method of the greatest long-term importance. For this reason a large number of journals exist throughout the world appearing at more or less frequent intervals, containing original papers submitted by scientists. These scientific journals are the very essence of science. It is through them and through the study of papers by other scientists in detail and at leisure that we can learn to understand each other's

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work sufficiently to extend it, to criticize it, to check it, and to communicate it further to our students and colleagues.

6.stronger

Купр. 7 (II.1).

-older, more expensive

-older, better, the cheapest, as good

-more powerful, faster, easier

-the most expensive

-the most expensive, farther

УЭ-3

ИМЯ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ (THE NUMERAL)

A

Имена числительные в английском языке делятся на количественные числительные (Cardinal Numerals), отвечающие на вопрос «сколько?», и порядковые числительные (Ordinal Numerals), отвечающие на вопрос «который?».

Количественные числительные от 13 до 19 образуются прибавлением суффикса -teen к основе. Числительные, обозначающие десятки, прибавля- ют к основе суффикс -ty. Порядковые числительные кроме первых трех (first, second, third) образуются прибавлением суффикса -th к соответствую- щему количественному числительному. Они употребляются с определен- ным артиклем.

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101 - a (one) hundred and one

110 - one hundred and ten

200 - two hundred

350 - three hundred and fifty

1,000 - a (one) thousand

1,530 - a (one) thousand five hundred and thirty

2,000 - two thousand

3,000 - three thousand

100,000 - a (one) hundred thousand

1,000,000 - a (one) million

ДРОБНЫЕ И СМЕШАННЫЕ ВЕЛИЧИНЫ

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0.8point eight

naught [nɔ:t] point eight

о [ou] point eight

1.02one point naught two one point о [ou] two

4.25four point twenty-five

ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЕ ХРОНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ДАТ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

B

Тренировочные упражнения

1. Скажите словами.

2, 18, 80, 100, 90, 14, 5, 99, 19, 705, 3,679, 21st, 1992, 1.015; 16th, 60, 1876, January 5, 4 1/2.

2. Образуйте порядковые числительные.

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5. Скажите по-английски. (см. Ключ)

5 процентов; 22 сентября 1959 года; 1, 5 часа; 5347 км; 0,37 метра; 23 июня 1943 года; 3/5 тонны, 24 часа; 43-й президент.

6. Закончите предложения.

I was born in.... Now I am a student. I am... years old. I began to go to school in 19… I finished ten-year school in... and went to co llege. In... I began to go in for

7.Прочтите следующие обозначения времени и температуры.

1)776 B.C. (Before Christ), 38 B.C. A.D. 393 (Anno Domini), A.D. 1000. 2)7.00; 8.30; 9.15; 10.45; 11.20; 12.55; 18.05; 0.30. (6.00 – it’s six o'clock; 7.30 – it’s half past seven)

3)T-10; -25 ; -30; +19 ; +26 ; -2 ; +4. (-12 twelve degrees below zero; +20 twenty degrees above zero)

С

Работа с текстами

Передайте содержание следующих текстов на родном языке. Прочтите и переведите все предложения, содержащие числительные.

Lev Landau

Lev Landau was born on January 22, 1908, in the Caspian city of Baku, the son of a middle-class Jewish family. He was a prodigy in mathematics and other exact sciences even before he reached his teens.

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He was 18 and a student at the University of Leningrad when he published his first independent theoretical work. For his subject, he chose quantum mechanics, then – in 1926 – the very newest, least known, most difficult route into the as yet unexplored depths of the micro-world. Next year he introduced into physics the concept of "matritsa plotnosti", or matrix of density, now common in quantum mechanics and statistical physics. While he was still 19, Landau was graduated from Leningrad University.

Later, he got his doctorate. In 1937, he began his association with Kapitsa at the celebrated Institute of Problems of Physics, as head of one of its departments. In 1943, he also became a professor at the University of Moscow.

He was elected a member of the Academy in 1946, when he was only 38, an unusually early age to reach that exalted rung (ступень) of Soviet scientific

honours.

Landau had been a graduate of Leningrad University only three years when he predicted diamagnetism of electrons; it is now called "Landau's Diamagnetism". In 1935, he did pioneer work in ferro-magnetism, in 1936 – 37, in phase transformation of solids. His research in the late 1930s was concerned chiefly with building and proving his theory of the intermediate stage of superconductivity.

In 1940-41, Landau developed the macroscopic theory of superfluidity (сверхтекучесть) of liquid helium at temperatures close to absolute zero,

continuing Kapitsa's earlier achievement (1938) of discovering the phenomenon of helium superfluidity. The 1962 Nobel Prize was awarded to Landau for his bold experimentation with condensation, and for his liquid-helium theory in particular.

Heinrich Schliemann

As an archeologist, he was the sensation of Europe and America because he discovered ancient Troy, that Troy for which the archeologists of the entire world had searched in vain during 2000 years.

Schliemann's archeological interests began in 1829 when, at the age of 7,

he received the popular book, the Universal History for Children, as a Christmas (рождество) present. In it he found a picture of the ancient Scaean Gate of Troy.

He discussed the picture with his father, a poor pastor in Neu-Bukow, Mecklenburg, Germany. They decided that some trace (след) of such a mighty monument must still exist, although it was unknown to scientists of the day. "And by and by," he wrote in his autobiography, "we agreed that someday I should excavate Troy".

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The same sort of story is told about almost every great man; however, in view of Schliemann's character the story might actually be true. But the dream of digging (раскопки) for Troy had to wait a while.

The first 44 years of Schliemann's life were difficult. In 1836, at 14, he was working 18 hours a day in a grocery store in the German town of Furstenberg. In 1842 he was in Amsterdam, destitute (лишенный всего) until he finally got a job in an office. Two years later he joined the firm of В. H. Schroder & Co. as a correspondent and bookkeeper (бухгалтер).

When he was not working Schliemann studied languages employing a curious but effective method all his own. Within a year he had mastered English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. In 1844, he mastered Russian, the most difficult of European languages, in six months. His knowledge of Russian got him the post of St. Petersburg agent for Schroder in 1846. A year later he had founded his own export-import business in Russia.

His linguistic conquests continued. By the age of 33, he had learned 15 languages. In addition to the 7 he already knew, he added Polish, Swedish, Norwegian, Slovenian, Danish, Latin, and modern and ancient Greek. Seven years later, while on a tour of the Middle East, Schliemann also learned Arabic.

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One can possibly ask: how are natural sources of energy used for generating electricity which can be applied not only for the scientific purposes but in everyday life?

Wind and solar energies are available (имеются в распоряжении) for men. Wind power available throughout the Earth is believed to be equivalent to

100 billion watts every year.

A 100 kwt capacity wind generator built in 1931 in the Crimea (Balaclava) in Russia was one of the first in commercial production. Since that time additional new, large capacity wind generators were installed. One of the world largest wind generators is located in Celinograd in Russia, generating 1,200 kwts of electricity.

The solar energy reaching the Earth's atmosphere amounts to 1.395 kwts per 1 m2. Taking the surface of the Earth on its diametric plane to be 1.275×10 14 m2, the total power reaching the outer layers of the atmosphere is therefore 1.730×10 14 kwts.

The Earth's atmosphere filters sunlight by absorbing most of the highenergy ultra-violet light and some of the infra-red light. About 30% of the incident solar energy is directly reflected and scattered back into space as light, a

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short wavelength radiation. Another 47% is absorbed by the atmosphere, the land, and ocean surfaces and converted to the form of long wave radiation-heat. An additional 23% is utilized as the energy source of the hydrologic cycle, driving the processes of evaporation, winds, ocean currents and waves.

To use the sun's energy there are some special solar collectors that could produce electrical power for long space missions, for instance. But solar energy is also used in everyday life. Here is an example of the use of solar energy in experimental solar heating system for a school.

The conventional electrical heating system used at Cleveland High School has been modified (изменена, улучшена) to accept supplementary solar heat.

About 4,500 sq ft of experimental solar heat collector panels have been installed

at a 45 degree angle off horizontal on top of the roof in three rectangular (прямоугольный) rows facing southward.

The system contains approximately 150.4 by 8 ft panels consisting of a black, heat absorbing surface beneath two rigid sheets of plastic.

London’s Under Ground

Bands were playing and the gentlemen in hats were preparing to make speeches about their great achievement. They made the first underground railway travel in the world – a distance of almost four miles.

It was the year 1863 and on that first historic day 30,000 Londoners used this new and strange way of travel. Now a hundred years later the London Underground carries two million passengers every day over its 273 stations. Five hundred trains carry a total of 675 million passengers each year.

The deep-level tubes came later, in 1890. Tunnelling a tube through miles of clay, and sometimes sand and gravel, is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method which was to make most of London's tube tunnels possible.

London transport's experience with tunnels brought them another record. The longest continuous railway tunnel in the world is the 17 1/2 mile tunnel in the Northern line.

There are numerous escalators which help to keep the traffic moving. The first was installed in 1911. Now there are 188 and they can carry 10,000 passengers an hour at a maximum speed. The longest at Leicester Square is over 80 feet in length. On long escalators the speed is changeable. The "up" escalator runs at full speed when carrying passengers, but when empty it runs at half speed.

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An entirely automatic driving system is now being tested. The driver will be in charge of starting the trains at stations, but speed and safety signalling will be controlled by coded electrical impulses.

The air in the Underground is changed every quarter of an hour, and the temperature all the year round is maintained at 69-79 degrees by Fahrenheit.

UNICEF

UNICEF, the United Nations International Children's Fund, is an international organization which was established in 1946. Its primary function is

to improve the health and living conditions of the children of those countries which ask for UNICEF assistance. It is governed (управлять) by the executive

board (совет) of 30 nations and financed entirely by contribution from both

governments and individuals. UNICEF provides equipment and medicine (лекарство). It provides for children who are unable to obtain the vital (необходимый) food. It teaches mothers how to care properly for the children.

In 1956 alone, UNICEF assistance was given to over 31,000,000 children and mothers. In 1957, UNICEF gave assistance to 319 different health and food programs in 102 countries.

School for All

First of all I should like to quote a few figures. This year some 50 million children will go to school, including 5 million first-formers, and 2.6 million tenth-formers, who will receive matriculation certificates at the end of the year. Teaching in schools is conducted in 57 languages.

The schools in Russia are run by the state, and education is free. There are no private educational establishments in our country, nor schools for the privileged. Children are taught in their native tongue, but the curriculum is the same for all schoolgoers.

And now, thanks to our enormous successes in economic and cultural development, we have all that is needed to introduce universal ten-year schooling for our young people.

The 50 million pupils who begin the school year on September 1st, include 4 million attending evening schools. These were formed during the war against German fascism, and were designed for the young people who were forced to cut short their studies and to begin work at factories or on collective farms.

The changes in the existing school curricula attract special attention. Primary education now takes three in placeof the previous four years, and the

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