Английский язык (для зо) / умк_Славинская_Англ.яз_заоч._184-4

2. Префиксы, которые придают слову противоположное значение или обозначают противоположное действие:

3. Префиксы, имеющие значение «сверх», «пере-», «чрезмерно»:

4. Префикс, обозначающий повторное действие со значением «снова», «заново», «вновь», «пере»:

5. Префиксы, обозначающие общность действия, имеющие значение «между»,

6. Префиксы, которые переводятся как

а) «пред», «до»:

онный)

в) «недостаточно», «недо-»:

under- to pay (платить) – to underpay ( оплачивать низко, т.е. недостаточно опла- чивать, недоплачивать) production (производство) - underproduction (недо- статочное производство, недопроизводство)

111

д) «экс», «бывший»:

ex- wife (жена) – ex-wife ( бывшая жена) champion (чемпион) – ex-champion (бывший чемпион) minister (министр) – ex-minister ( бывший министр)

7. Префикс глагола, имеющий значение «делать»:

en- large (большой) – to enlarge ( увеличивать, делать больше) danger (опас-

ность) – to endanger ( подвергать опасности) force (сила) – to enforce ( при-

нуждать, настаивать) circle (круг) – to encircle ( окружать)

Основные суффиксы существительных

1. Суффиксы, обозначающие принадлежность к а) политическому направлению:

-ist Marxist (марксист), materialist (материалист);

б) профессии:

artist (художник), typist (машинистка), pianist (пианист);

3. Суффикс, обозначающий результат действия:

-ment achievement (достижение), agreement (согласие),

government (правительство, управление), development (развитие) 4. Суффиксы, обозначающие а) состояние:

б) действие, состояние:

-age shortage (нехватка), marriage (брак, супружество), passage (проход), voyage (путешествие)

-al arrival (прибытие), approval (одобрение), proposal (предложение)

-ing hunting (охота), crossing (пересечение, перекресток), living (житье), suffering (страдание)

112

Основные суффиксы прилагательных

1. Суффикс, образующий прилагательные от существительных и обозначающий нацио- нальную принадлежность или слабую степень качества:

2. Суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от глаголов и обозначающие наличие качества:

3. Суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от существительных и обозначающие нали- чие качества, свойства:

4. Суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от различных частей речи и обозначающие: а) качество, свойство:

-ary element (элемент) – elementary ( элементарный)

113

Основные суффиксы наречий

Суффиксы, образующие наречия от а) прилагательных, иногда – существительных, порядковых числительных и причастий:

-ly loud (громкий) – loudly ( громко)

bed (плохой) – badly ( плохо, ошибочно) part (часть) – partly ( частично) first (первый) – firstly ( во-первых)

б) существительных и наречий и обозначающие направление (или направленность)

-wards North (север) – northward(s) ( к северу, на север)

after (после) – afterwards ( впоследствии, позже, потом)

-ward back (обратно, назад) – backward(s) ( назад, в обратном направлении) home (дом, домой) – homeward ( к дому, по направлению к дому)

В

Тренировочные упражнения

1. Определите исходную форму слова.

towns, letting, cities, longer, played, youngest, universities, shaves, easiest, later, skating, hottest, presses, permitted, shipping, decided, busier, writing, libraries, boys, tried, hoped, leaving, planned, heroes, swimming

2. По суффиксам, и префиксам определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова.

density, equalize, generally, specialist, scientific, movement, growth, attraction, distance, important, special, readiness, useful, unreal, inexpensive, widen,

114

expression, rotation, recovery, container, mixture, constructor, beginning, unforgettable, disadvantage, backwards, communicate, classify, improbable, dishonest, motionless, advantageous

3.По суффиксам и префиксам в производных словах определите

ккакой части речи они относятся и переведите эти слова на русский язык:

115

4. Переведите следующие предложения и словосочетания.

116

5. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обра- щая внимание на перевод слов, образованных по способу конверсии.

1. Do you know Ned's new address? 2. The letter was not addressed to him. 3. The telephone is the invention of the 20th century. 4. Sam didn't telephone me yesterday. 5. Nelly's visit has come to an end. 6 Why don't you visit her? 7. The city was in ruins. 8. That fact ruined John's career. 9. Have you got many mistakes in your test? 10. You have mistaken me for somebody else. 11. I don't know this girl's name. 12. The boy was named after his grandfather. 13. Pete wants to pilot modern airplanes. 14. He wants to become a pilot. 15. I haven't received an answer to my letter. 16. She didn't answer my last letter.

С

Работа с текстами

1. Просмотрите текст, определите по суффиксам части речи, к которым принадлежат выделенные слова, переведите их. Передайте содержание прочитанного на родном языке.

***

From the earliest times people used many methods of conveying messages (передавать сообщения) as quickly and as efficiently (efficient – эффектив-

ный) as possible.

In American history the pony express was one of the most heroic adventures (приключений). The discovery (открытие) of gold in California made it necessary to give important messages. The stage coaches (дилижанс)

which regularly carried mail (почта) required months to reach California. The pony express carried urgent (to urge – настаивать) messages. It was a group of 80 young men of 18 years of age. These courageous (courage – храбрость) men carried mail in relays (по очереди). They used five hundred of the finest horses available (to avail – иметься в наличии). At each of the 190 stations along the route a fresh rider (to ride – ехать верхом) was ready. The

117

management (to manage – управлять) kept men under very strict (строгий)

rules. Every rider was given a Bible and was not allowed to drink or swear (ругаться). The pony express had a remarkable (to remark – замечать) career. To deliver mail the riders had to overcome (преодолевать) great physical

danger. On April 3, 1860 the first rider started from Missouri and ten days later

the message arrived in California which was two thousand miles away. A huge celebration (to celebrate – праздновать) was held in honour of this magnificent (magnificence – великолепие) achievement. But the pony express had a short

life of 16 months only.

In 1861 the completion (to complete – завершать) of the first transcontinental telegraph line marked the end of the pony express.

2. Найдите в текстах слова, имеющие общий корень со словами данными перед текстом, определите части речи, к которым они отно- сятся, переведите их, затем передайте содержание прочитанного на родном языке.

A computerized air pollution control system has been installed in Netherlands between Rotterdam and the North Sea. The area is densely

populated and highly industrialized. Thirty-one detectors have been installed in the district. They are sensors (датчики) measuring levels of chemical substances

considered to be indicators of general level of pollution. Signals of the sensors which also include meteorological information are sent electronically to a warning centre computer. The computer then gives predictions based on information from the sensors as well as on more general meteorological

information. An abnormally high source of pollution can be localized within a minute. Plant operations are then curtailed (сокращать) or shut down through

previous agreements with air pollution control authorities.

118

A new way of teaching five-year-olds basic words has been used in one of English schools.

Every day 29 boys and girls spend half an hour playing a game resembling lotto. But instead of using cards containing numbers each card has a different set of words used by the children in everyday life. The teacher calls out words such as "cat", "play", "ball" and the children look through their cards to see if they can find them. On completion of a card another game begins. There is

no prize, only a word of encouragement from a teacher. The children learn words more quickly by this method than by conventional (обычный) means.

This method could also be extremely valuable because it offers certain assistance in teaching backward (отсталый) children from older age-groups.

***

determination – определение

In 1911 in Wayne County (округ), Michigan an automobile driver observed a collision on a narrow bridge between a horse and a buggy (повозка)

and an automobile going into opposite directions. Each of the drivers was sure that he was on his own side of the road. The observer was Edward Hines, the governor of the county. Mr. Hines immediately decided that it must be possible

for drivers to determine with certainty where their side of the road was. He ordered a white line painted (рисовать) on the centre of every bridge and every curve (поворот) within his county. Subsequently he had his idea extended (распространять) to all the highways of the county. The centre line and various

pavement markings have inquestionably saved many lives. They are now one of the most effective means of controlling traffic.

5. Переведите следующий текст письменно.

Britain’s Energy

Britain has the largest energy resources of any country in the European Community and is a major producer of oil, natural gas and coal. Other primary sources of energy are nuclear power and, to a lesser extent, water power.

119

Before the 1970s Britain depended on imports of oil from abroad but the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the North Sea changed this dramatically: by 1986 about 2.2 million barrels of oil were extracted per day, making Britain the world's fifth largest producer. There are over thirty offshore oilfields from which oil and gas are piped to the mainland. Natural gas has replaced coal in the public supply system.

Britain has large reserves of coal, and coal mining played a very important part in the industrial revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By 1913 the coal industry employed over a million workers. Coal is still an important source of heat for both private houses and power stations, but in recent years the industry has greatly reduced the numbers of mines and miners while increasing efficiency. There was a long and bitter industrial dispute in 1984-85 as miners reacted to the beginning of this new phase in the development of the coal industry. Britain has fourteen nuclear power stations in operation. There are other nuclear installations too, such as reprocessing units and research centres. Since the original power stations started operations in 1956 there has been much discussion over the best design; pressurized water reactors are planned for the future and the government's eventual aim is to have 20 per cent of Britain's electricity produced by nuclear power.

All proposals for new power stations meet with public opposition, and this has increased since the disaster at Chernobyl in the Ukraine in 1986. There are fears that the reactors themselves are unsafe, and that the problems of waste disposal have not been solved. While those in favour of nuclear power claim that it is clean, safe and efficient, opponents argue that the dangers are too great and that other sources of energy have not been sufficiently researched because of lack of government funding or interest. The privatization of the electricity industry has also raised the question of who should own and operate nuclear.

УЭ-8

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ

Прочтите следующие тексты без словаря и передайте содержание прочитанного на родном языке.

Oxbridge

Two universities, Oxford and Cambridge, Oxbridge, as they are sometimes jointly called, for seven hundred years dominated British education,

120