Английский язык (для зо) / умк_Славинская_Англ.яз_заоч._184-4

him told them who he was, and they were very much astonished. Cooper, the American novelist, had been there a few days before, but he said who he was, and his looks and manners were so pompous as if he never forgot and never meant others to forget that he was "the American Walter Scott". The real one never troubled himself about his own importance, for he knew he might safely leave the matter to others.

***

The editor of a magazine had to send back a great many bad stories. Once a woman wrote to him, "Sir, last week you sent back a story of mine. I know that you did not read the whole story because, as a test, I had glued together some pages. When my story came back I saw that those pages were still glued together. I think it is very bad of you to send back a story without reading the whole of it".

The editor wrote back:

"Madam, when I get an egg for breakfast I do not need to eat the whole of it to see that it is bad".

__________________________

editor – редактор; as a test – в качестве проверки; to glue – склеивать

***

Once Samuel Johnson, an English writer and author of the famous Dictionary of the English Language, was asked how he had compiled his great dictionary. He smiled and answered: "Oh, it was like quarrelling with one's wife – one word led to another".

________________________

to compile – составлять

***

Once a woman told Johnson that she was shocked by the rude words he had put in his dictionary.

"Madam", the writer replied, "You must have been looking for them".

____________________

to be shocked (by) – быть шокированным; rude – грубый

***

Mark Twain was very bad at answering letters. Once a friend of his who had waited for a long time to get an answer from the writer sent him a sheet of writing paper and a stamp to remind him to write a letter.

A few days later he got a postcard saying, "Thanks for the sheet of writing paper and the stamp. Please send an envelope. Mark Twain".

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***

to take part deliveries – принимать частичные поставки

Belov, a representative of Soyuzimport, has arrived in New York to discuss some business matters with the people of Black & Co. Soyuzimport is interested in buying the Model BS 25 machines.

Mr Blake, a representative of Blake & Co, a leading manufacturer of this type of machines, meets him at his office.

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Belov: Yes, thank you, Mr Blake. It was nice to have seen you. Good-bye for now.

Blake: Good-bye, Mr Belov.

Please Cough into the Mike*

*to cough into the mike [maik] – кашлять в трубку

**recording – магнитофонная запись

"Hello, doctor".

"This is a recording**. Doctor Crandell is away now. Give your name, phone number and symptoms. Doctor Crandell will call you back when he returns. Thank you... ".

"I'm Harry Kranowitz. Riverside 6 – 1800. I'm running a very high temperature, I've got pains in the head, chest, and I'm coughing a lot. I feel very bad".

Harry went to bed. He had been sleeping for some time when the telephone rang. He got up and went to the living room.

"Hello?"

'This is a recording. Dr Crandell is still away. Your symptoms however seem to show flu for which you should take aspirins every four hours, eat lightly and drink juice. Dr. Crandell will call you back when he comes. Thank you".

Harry looked at the phone for a few seconds, coughed and slowly went to the kitchen. He took a bottle of juice, two aspirins and went to bed. He couldn't sleep. He had a terrible cough and he felt that his temperature was still very high. We went to the phone and called the doctor again. As the doctor was still away Harry's symptoms were recorded for the second time.

Some time later the telephone rang again:

"This is a recording. You have nothing more serious than flu. If you follow the instructions which were given to you earlier you should be better by morning. Thank you".

Harry went to the kitchen, took some whiskey and went to bed. Some time later the doctor himself called him.

"Listen. Kranowitz. Your symptoms show flu for which you should take two aspirins every".

Harry put down the receiver and went to bed.

A week later he got a bill in the mail for $ 10 from Dr Crandell. He was sure that the bill had been made out by the computer.

(After Seimour Joseph)

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Art for Heart's Sake**

**for heart's sake [f= 'ha:ts 'seık] – для души

***servant ['s=:v=nt] – слуга

Old Ellsworth was sitting in his study and reading a newspaper, when Koppei, his servant***, came in:

"Will you take orange juice, sir?" "No," answered Mr Ellsworth. "But it's good for you, sir". "No".

When doctor Caswell came Koppei told him: "I can't do anything with the old man. He doesn't take his juice, he doesn't want to listen to the radio, he doesn't like anything".

Doctor Caswell had thought a lot about Mr Ellsworth since his last visit. It was a difficult case.

The old gentleman was quite well for a man of seventy six, but he had a kind of mania – he bought everything he saw: cars, factories, railroads. He was losing his money quickly and it was necessary to keep him away from business.

The doctor came into Mr Ellsworth's study. "Well, how's the young man today?"

"Umph," came from the man in the armchair. "I'd like to recommend something to you," the doctor said.

"What's it? Is it something to keep me away from business?" "How would you like to study art?"

"But I'm not good at painting".

"I can get a student from one of art schools who'll give you lessons".

The doctor found a young student Frank Swain by name, who agreed to give Mr Ellsworth lessons on art.

Swain came to Mr Ellsworth the next afternoon and the lessons began. Time flew and Swain came more and more often.

It was difficult to say whether Mr Ellsworth had really got interested in art but one thing was certain: he stopped buying things and his family was delighted.

Frank took him to art galleries and exhibitions. Ellsworth wanted to know everything about art galleries and artists who exhibited their paintings in them. He also wanted to know how the museums arranged exhibitions and who chose paintings for those exhibitions.

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When spring came Ellsworth produced an awful piece of painting which he called "Trees dressed in white". Though the picture was awful the old man said that he was going to exhibit it at one of the largest galleries in New York.

Swain was sure that nobody would accept his paintings, but one day when he visited the exhibition at the Gallery he saw Ellsworth's picture there.

Two days before the exhibition closed Ellsworth received a letter from the Gallery. The letter said that Ellsworth had got the first prize for his painting.

When his doctor heard about it he said: "Well, now you see yourself that art is more interesting than business".

"Art is nothing," answered the old man, "I bought the Gallery last month".

Переведите следующие тексты письменно.

London’s Underground

Bands were playing and the gentlemen in hats were preparing to make speeches about their great achievement. They made the first underground railway travel in the world–a distance of almost fo ur miles.

It was the year 1863 and on that first historic day 30,000 Londoners used this new and strange way of travel. Now a hundred years later the London Underground carries two million passengers every day over its 273 stations. Five hundred trains carry a total of 675 million passengers each year.

The deep-level tubes came later, in 1890. Tunnelling a tube through miles of clay, and sometimes sand and gravel, is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method which was to make most of London's tube tunnels possible.

London transport's experience with tunnels brought them another record. The longest continuous railway tunnel in the world is the 17 1/2 mile tunnel in the Northern line.

There are numerous escalators which help to keep the traffic moving. The first was installed in 1911. Now there are 188 and they can carry 10,000 passengers an hour at a maximum speed. The longest at Leicester Square is over 80 feet in length. On long escalators the speed is changeable. The "up" escalator runs at full speed when carrying passengers, but when empty it runs at half speed.

An entirely automatic driving system is now being tested. The driver will be in charge ofstarting the trains at stations, but speed and safety signalling will be controlled by coded electrical impulses.

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The air in the Underground is changed every quarter of an hour, and the temperature all the year round is maintained at 69-79 degrees by Fahrenheit.

Britain’s Energy

Britain has the largest energy resources of any country in the European Community and is a major producer of oil, natural gas and coal. Other primary sources of energy are nuclear power and, to a lesser extent, water power.

Before the 1970s Britain depended on imports of oil from abroad but the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the North Sea changed this dramatically: by 1986 about 2.2 million barrels of oil were extracted per day, making Britain the world's fifth largest producer. There are over thirty offshore oilfields from which oil and gas are piped to the mainland. Natural gas has replaced coal in the public supply system.

Britain has large reserves of coal, and coal mining played a very important part in the industrial revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By 1913 the coal industry employed over a million workers. Coal is still an important source of heat for both private houses and power stations, but in recent years the industry has greatly reduced the numbers of mines and miners while increasing efficiency. There was a long and bitter industrial dispute in 1984-85 as miners reacted to the beginning of this new phase in the development of the coal industry. Britain has fourteen nuclear power stations in operation. There are other nuclear installations too, such as reprocessing units and research centres. Since the original power stations started operations in 1956 there has been much discussion over the best design; pressurized water reactors are planned for the future and the government's eventual aim is to have 20 per cent of Britain's electricity produced by nuclear power.

All proposals for new power stations meet with public opposition, and this has increased since the disaster at Chernobyl in the Ukraine in 1986. There are fears that the reactors themselves are unsafe, and that the problems of waste disposal have not been solved. While those in favour of nuclear power claim that it is clean, safe and efficient, opponents argue that the dangers are too great and that other sources of energy have not been sufficiently researched because of lack of government funding or interest. The privatization of the electricity industry has also raised the question of who should own and operate nuclear.

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УЭ-7

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ (WORD-BUILDING)

А

Особенности грамматического строя английского языка

В силу особенностей исторического развития английского языка в его грамматической системе сохранилось минимальное число окончаний.

Грамматические окончания в английском языке

Примеры к таблице

-s, 's

1. These machines are highly efficient.

Эти машины имеют высокий коэффициент полезного действия.

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2.The machine's capacity is high.

Производительность этой машины высокая.

3.Не machines these parts.

Он подвергает механической обработке эти детали.

-ing

lighting - освещающий (определение), освещая (обстоятельство)(Participle I) lighting – освещение (имеется в виду процесс) (Gerund)

the lighting - освещение (Verbal Noun)

Приведение к словарной форме и основные способы словообразования

Слова в словаре даются в исходных (основных) формах, тогда как в тексте они встречаются большей частью в производных формах. Следова- тельно, прежде чем обращаться к словарю, нужно восстановить исходную форму слова:

1) если существительное стоит во множественном числе, необходимо от- бросить окончание -s или -es. Например:

_____________________________

*Перед окончаниями -es, -ed, -er, -et буква у меняется на i, если ей предшествует согласная.

**Перед окончаниями -s или -es буква f меняется на v.

2) если прилагательное или наречие стоит в сравнительной или превосходной степени, необходимо отбросить окончание -еr или -est:

3) если глагол стоит:

а) в 3-м лице единственного числа, необходимо отбросить окончание -s

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б) в Past Indefinite или в форме Participle II (правильных глаголов), нужно отбросить окончание -ed или -d:

в) в форме Participle I или Gerund, необходимо отбросить окончание -ing:

Ванглийском языке имеется несколько способов словообразования:

1)аффиксация (т.е. прибавление к слову суффикса или префикса); 2) кон- версия (образование новых слов без изменения их написания и произ- ношения); 3) словосложение (образование нового слова путем сложения двух слов в одно); 4) изменение ударения в слове (соответственно, полу- чение нового слова, относящегося к другой части речи).

Словообразование с помощью аффиксации

Образование новых слов может происходить при помощи присоеди- нения к основе слова суффиксов или префиксов (приставок). Префиксы присоединяются к корню слова в начале, а суффиксы – в конце. Слова, образованные с помощью префиксов или суффиксов, в отличие от простых слов, называются производными.

Префиксы, как и суффиксы, могут присоединяться к различным час- тям речи, изменяя при этом значение основы слова» например:

1) happy (счастливый) – unhappy ( несчастный) – happiness ( счастье) – happily (счастливо); 2) help (помощь) – helper ( помощник) – helpful ( полезный) – helpless (беспомощный); 3) correct (правильный) – incorrect ( неправильный).

Наиболее употребительные приставки (префиксы) и их значения

1. Префиксы, имеющие отрицательное значение:

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