Английский язык (для зо) / умк_Славинская_Англ.яз_заоч._184-4

Change the structure of the sentences so as to keep their meanings unchanged.

1.The equipment that should be installed in the workshop has specific use.

2.The petrol that should be delivered from the petrol tank should be clean.

3.The new battery that should be used in the car is very effective.

4.The new car devices that should be developed have several advantages.

5.The car emissions that should be controlled are very harmful to the environment.

6.The automobile that should be developed will run on hydrogen.

18.Read the following sentences very attentively. Some of them are incorrect. Put ticks next to these sentences and correct the mistakes. Comment on

your answers.

1.The aim of an instrument panel is provide the driver with certain information.

2.Buildings, to be complete, must have not only “c onvenience” and “strength” but also “beauty”.

3.The dam forms a reservoir which contributes to meeting the needs of different fields of human life.

4.We badly to need to find new ways of using water in industry and agriculture and of radically improving the technology of drainage purification.

5.The function of a crane is hoist or lower a load suspended from its jib.

6.It is not possible to starts on a construction job without a good deal of preliminary leveling the site.

7.The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weigh the required quantities of each material.

8.The function of the tachometer is to be indicate the engine speed in revolutions per minute.

9.You must to go to the service station in order to repair the brakes.

10.Materials can be classified according to their electrical properties.

19. Look through the following passage. Write out the infinitives and state their function.

The importance of motor roads for the national economy is closely related to the intensity of traffic on them, i.e., the higher the traffic intensity, the better should be the standard of design. Where traffic intensity is high the expenditure necessary for the construction of the road to follow the most direct route and

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with shallow gradients will soon be compensated by the economy in traffic operation. On the other hand, if in spite of a high traffic intensity the road is built with steep gradients and a narrow carriageway, though its capital cost may be much lower it will not permit the most effective performance of vehicles to be realized, in particular the maintenance of high vehicle speeds. In the long run, the cost of motor transport operation would become expensive.

The question of choice of the type of road, however, does not depend exclusively on the cost of construction. A number of other factors must be taken into consideration, particularly the part to be played by the specific highway in the transport system of the national economy.

III. Writing Section

1.Translate the following text from English into Russian. Use a dictionary of necessary.

CONCEPT OF TEMPERATURE

The sense of touch helped man to obtain the primary motion of temperature. Touching various bodies with our hands we sometimes say “a cold body” or “a warm body” to denote the degree of heat ing to which the body had been subjected. The quantity characterizing the degree of heating to which the body had been subjected is termed the temperature of this body.

The determination of temperature by touch is not objective and may be the cause of error. Indeed, if we press a naked hand against two objects lying on a table, of which one is made of plastic and the other of metal, we will say that the metal object is cooler although in actual fact the temperature of both objects is the same. Therefore to measure temperatures objectively a special instrument termed thermometer was invented.

The temperature of every body is closely related to the energy of motion of its molecules. The physical meaning of the concept of temperature is as follows: the higher the temperature of the body, the greater the average kinetic energy per molecule of this body. Experience shows that when two bodies with different temperatures are in contact, the body with the higher temperature always gets cooler and the body with the lower temperature always gets hotter. This means that energy exchange takes place between the bodies, ceasing when the temperatures of the bodies become equal. Such exchange of energy is termed

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heat exchange. Hence, by measuring the temperatures of the bodies we can find out beforehand which bodies will receive heat in the course of heat exchange and which will give it away. If the temperatures of the bodies measured will prove to be equal, this will mean that the energy of each of them remains constant. This makes temperature a valuable concept.

Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the square of its velocity, heating a body results in the increase in the average velocity of its molecules; the result of cooling is a decrease in it.

A person’s sense of heat and cold is also due to heat exchange between him and the surrounding medium. If the temperature of the object you touch exceeds that of your hand, energy is transmitted from the object to the hand. If, on the other hand, the object’s temperature is lower, heat is transmitted from your hand to the object. The more rapid this exchange of energy is the more intense is your perception of heat or cold.

Now we can understand why the metal object appeared to be colder than the plastic one. The explanation is that the energy transfer from the hand to the metal object was more rapid than in the case of the plastic object and the temperature of the hand in the first case dropped quicker than in the second.

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УЭ-2

THE HUMANITIES

2.1.ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

I.Topical Vocabulary

1.To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to

2.Match the word combinations in column A with the appropriate translation in column B.

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Point out the Passive Constructions out of the ones given above.

II. Grammar Practice Section

1.Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Pay attention to the translation of the sentences in the Passive Voice.

ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

English is one of the most important and widely used languages. British colonial expansion in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries took the English language all over the world. Except Britain it became the official (or the second official) language of the USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa and other countries. Economic, political and cultural influence of these countries in the world contributed to further spread of English in the 20th century. As a result we have a unique phenomenon in history: about 1500 million people – over a third of the world’s population – live in countries where Englis h is used and taught. In fact it has become the language of international intercourse.

The English we study (the model used in the teaching of English overseas) is known as Standard English1. Standard English is the official language used in Great Britain. It is taught at schools and universities. It is used in literature, by the press, the radio and television and spoken by educated people.

Besides Standard English there are very many local dialects in Great Britain. Under the influence of Standard English taught at school and the speech cultivated by the radio, television and the cinema the local dialects are undergoing a change. The old local dialects are mainly preserved in the countryside and for the most part in the speech of elderly people.

A few words should be said about Cockney English2. It is known at least by name to a large number of people living outside the English speaking countries. Cockney is a class dialect spoken by about two million working-class Londoners – Cockneys 3 – in the East End of London. It differs from Stand ard English by its peculiar pronunciation.

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As a result of geographical separation English spoken outside the British Isles has developed certain differences in vocabulary and pronunciation but less in grammar. Differences in geographical features, in the flora and fauna and in the life call for new words which find their way in the general English vocabulary.

Contacts with other languages have also left their mark on English outside Great Britain. Contacts with various native languages, as for example, with Red Indian language in America, the languages of the Australian aborigines and the Maori in New Zealand have introduces new elements into the English vocabulary.

1Standard English – литературный английский язык

2Cockney English – кокни (лондонское просторечие)

3Cockney – кокни, уроженец Лондона (особ. восточной части)

2.Fill in the table below by writing in all the verbs used in the first passage of the text.

3.Use the Past Simple Active or the Past Simple Passive instead of the

infinitives in brackets.

1.English (to use) and (to study) widely as a foreign language.

2.Half of the world’s scientific literature (to be) in English.

3.English (not to be) only the universal language of international aviation, shipping and sport, it (to be) to a considerable degree the universal language of literacy and public communication.

4.English the most frequently (to use) language both in the debates in the United Nations and in the general conduct of UN business.

5.The author of the book (to picture) the life of poor people with great realism.

6.Reference books (to include) encyclopedias, dictionaries, indexes, directories, yearbooks and guides.

7.School pupils (to require) to learn one foreign language.

8.Studying foreign languages (to enrich) the native language, (to make) it clearer, more flexible and expressive.

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9.Knowledge of a foreign language is truly something that (to open) up a whole new world to the one who (to possess) it.

10.In English, grammatical meaning (to determine) largely by word order.

4.Find the correct translation of the underlined structures. Choose a, b or c

for each item.

1.The first industrial revolution gave us machines to do the work that had been done before by men’s hands.

a)делают

b)делала

c)делалась

2.The population of the Earth is growing rapidly.

a)возрастёт

b)выросло

c)возрастает

3.New sources of power, new processes, new materials have come into use with such bewildering speed in the present century that it is hard to keep track of them all.

a)нашли своё применение

b)находят своё применение

c)найдут своё применение

4.Our ancestors naively considered the Earth’s resources to be boundless and endless.

a)полагают

b)полагали

c)будут предполагать

5.The new data about the Moon which scientists received not long ago are very valuable.

a)получили

b)получают

c)получат

6.Considerable efforts are being made now to solve ecological problems.

a)предпринимаются

b)предпринимают

c)предприняли

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9.In about twenty-five countries English has been legally used as an official language.

10.The number of second language speakers may soon exceed the number of native speakers if it is not done so yet.

6.Choose the best answer (a, b or c) to complete each sentence below.

1.Heat and light __________ to us by the sun.

a)are given

b)give

c)is given

2.The new performance is much __________ about.

a)speak

b)spoke

c)spoken

3.I wasn’t __________ about it in time.

a)tell

b)told

c)telling

4.Many scientists and technologists __________ languages in exchanging and acquiring technical information.

a)were needed

b)are needed

c)need

5.Economics, like English grammar, __________ a few simple rules and principles.

a)is had

b)have

c)has

6.Economics __________ some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools __________ in it extensively.

a)has; are used

b)has; use

c)has; used

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7.In Greece each state __________ its own law, some laws __________

common to many cities.

a)had; was

b)had; were

c)has; were

8.Roman law __________ one of the greatest systems that has ever existed.

a)is

b)were

c)was

9.Belarussian forests __________ beautiful, with pine dominating.

a)is

b)was

c)are

10.The history of Belarus __________ to antiquity.

a)go

b)goes

c)went

7.Explain the usage of the auxiliary verbs in the following sentences and

translate these sentences into Russian.

1.Until a few centuries ago there were many natives of what we call the British Isles, who did not speak English.

2.Since the early 1970s, more and more people learning Gaelic and go to the evening classes.

3.In Wales the Welsh language Society was formed in 1962 and it has been fighting to restore Welsh to an equal place with English.

4.Welsh is recognized as being equally valid for use in law courts, either written or spoken.

5.In Wales some of the programmes of the fourth channel are broadcast in Welsh.

6.English is associated with technological and economic development of the great manufacturing countries and it is the principal language of international aid.

7.The writer has finished the first chapter of his book and now he is working on the second one.

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