Английский язык (для зо) / умк_Славинская_Англ.яз_заоч._184-4

III. Writing Section

1.Translate the following text from English into Russian. Find the sentence with the passive construction.

A NEW FORM OF CITY TRANSPORT?

The Segway is the world’s first self-balancing human transporter. It is quite stable on two wheels and runs on ordinary household electricity at the speed of 12 mph having the range of 15 miles. Four major elements of the Segway include the wheel and motor assembly, the sensor system, the circuit board brain and the operator control system. Balancing is controlled by a solidstate silicon gyroscope system, which passes all tilt information to the two electronic controller circuit boards comprising 10 onboard microprocessors, which in total are three times as powerful as a typical PC. Their function is to adjust the speed of several electric motors according to the stability information. The motors, powered by a pair of rechargeable nickel metal hydride (NIMH) batteries, can turn each of the wheels independently at variable speeds. When the vehicle leans forward or backward, the motors spin both wheels forward or backward accordingly to keep from tilting over. When the rider operates the handlebar control to turn left or right, the motors spin one wheel faster than the other, or spin the wheels in opposite directions, so that the vehicle rotates. The machine is unlikely to replace the car but it is a superior option for the city.

A basic gyroscope is a spinning wheel inside a stable frame. A spinning object resists changes to its axis of rotation. As the point of applied force moves along with the object itself, it ends up applying force on opposite ends of the wheel – the force balances itself out and the gyroscope maintains the stable position.

LIGHT READING

EDISON’S FIRST INVENTION

When Edison was a boy of fifteen, he worked as a telegraph operator. He had to be on duty from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m.1 and give a signal every hour to prove that he did not sleep. The signals were made with astonishing exactness. One night an inspector arrived and saw Edison sleeping in a chair.

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He was about2 to shake him when he caught sight3 of a mechanism on a table near the telegraph instrument. He waited to see what would happen. When the hand of the clock pointed to the hour, the instrument got busy4 and one lever threw open the key while the other sent the signal over the wire.

The inspector seized the sleeping boy, roused him and “fired” is why the first of Edison’s numerous inventions was never patented.

1 p.m. – после полудня, днём, вечером; a.m. – до полудня, утром

2was about – собирался, намеревался

3to catch sight – увидеть

4to get busy – зд. заработать, начать действовать

5to “fire” – зд. выгнать, уволить

1.2. INDUSTRIAL GASES

I.Topical Vocabulary

1.To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to

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2.Match the word combinations in column A with their translation in column

1.Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Pay attention to the sentences containing pronouns it, that, one.

INDUSTRIAL GASES

We know of many gases people use in industry for making various products. They are called industrial gases. Some of them are man-made, the other ones are found in their natural state. Let us consider the most important ones.

Colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, and non-flammable, nitrogen has many uses, including glass making, food conserving, preventing semiconductors from oxidation.

Oxygen is the second largest volume industrial gas we use for producing steel, building bridges and making electric equipment.

Being the most abundant element (98%) in the universe hydrogen has almost as many industrial uses as nitrogen and oxygen. It is needed in metal one, in oil processing and in food industry for preparing margarine industry. Also, power stations depend on hydrogen cooling their high-speed turbine generators.

Can you imagine your life without eating ice-cream, spaying deodorants, drinking sodas, and fire fighting devices? All these things are possible due to carbon dioxide.

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Some people say balloon flying is for children. Still, helium is a serious gas capable of rays detecting and aircraft lifting. It is also used in arc welding.

It is impossible to imagine present-day life without air conditioning, refrigerators, spraying aerosols, and packaging foam for the TV or VCR. For these purposes we also use gases. Freon is that one which is necessary for making these common things, is found depleting the ozone layer, which protects us from the destructive solar ultraviolet radiation. That is why scientists all over the world insist on fluorocarbon refrigerants being banned.

Another gas which is a noble one comprises 0,98% of the atmosphere and forms no-known chemical compounds. It is argon, colourless, odourless, tasteless and non-toxic, argon is mainly used in those industries which are connected with producing high-quality welding. Stainless steel and aluminium industries are ones that can serve as example.

Chlorine gas is very toxic; nevertheless it protects us from falling ill by purifying drinking and swimming water. It also takes part in making many chemicals, including solvents, plastics, rubbers and pesticides.

Water-based paints and vinyl records are made with the help of acetylene, which has many other applications. Stored in a liquid state it is also used as a fuel producing a large amount of heat and the highest flame temperature (about 6,000ºF, or 3,300ºC) of any known mixture of combustible gases. When burnt with the correct amount of air, acetylene gives a pure white light. For this reason it was once used for illuminating places where electric power was not available.

The air itself is used as an industrial gas. It acts as a protective envelope for metals during the welding process because it does not react chemically with these metals or other elements.

2.Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the asyndetic connection (бессоюзное соединение).

1.They told us the research had been carried out successfully.

2.He said he was studying the possibilities of laser communication.

3.I was afraid she would damage the microscope objective lens.

4.She was sure she would find the most energy-efficient way of sending signals soon.

5.The observers said they had recorded laser signals from the universe.

6.He told us the object had been badly illuminated during the experiment.

7.We think laser beam welding will have a great impact on manufacturing in dustry.

8.The energy a body possesses represents its capacity to do work.

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9.It is quite evident BAM will draw into economic activity vast new areas rich in natural resources.

10.The programme Russian scientists have worked out for Siberia development includes all aspects of life in this vast region.

11.The TV programme “Vremya” Russian people watch ever y evening has become one of the main sources of political information in our country.

12.We may say every matter possesses energy.

3.Translate the following sentences. Point out the complex sentences.

1.We know of many gases people use in industry for making various products.

We know of many gases used in industry for making various products.

2.Oxygen is the second largest volume: industrial gas we use for producing steel, building bridges and making electric equipment.

Oxygen is the second largest volume industrial gas used in producing steel, building bridges and making electric equipment.

3.Some people say balloon flying is for children.

Balloon flying is supposed to be interesting for children only.

4.Choose which of the four options (a, b, c or d) corresponds to each given sentence.

1.We have the equipment you spoke about.

a)У нас есть оборудование, о котором Вы говорите.

b)У нас есть оборудование, о котором Вы говорили.

c)Мы говорили об оборудовании, которое у нас есть.

d)Вы говорите об оборудовании, которое есть у Вас.

2.The gases we are speaking about were known long ago.

a)Мы говорили о газах, о которых давно знали.

b)Мы давно знаем о газах, о которых говорили.

c)Газы, о которых мы говорили, были давно известны.

d)Газы, о которых мы говорили, были нам известны давно.

3.Let him answer the question the worker asked him.

a)Пусть он ответит рабочему на заданный вопрос.

b)Давайте ответим на вопрос, который задаёт рабочий.

c)Он отвечает на вопрос, который задал ему рабочий.

d)Пусть он ответит на вопрос, который рабочий задал ему.

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c)The experiments this group of scientists is making are very important for our research.

d)The experiments were made by the group of scientists and they are very important for our research.

8.Фреон, который люди используют для кондиционирования воздуха, истощает озоновый слой.

a)Freon is used in air conditioning depletes the ozone layer.

b)Freon people use for air conditioning depletes the ozone layer.

c)The ozone layer is depleted by Freon for air conditioning.

d)Freon people used for air conditioning depleted the ozone layer.

9.Квартиры, в которых живут многие люди, имеют все современные удобства.

a)Many people live in the flats which have all modern conveniences.

b)The flats many people live in have all modern conveniences.

c)The flats have all modern conveniences and many people live in them.

d)The flats in which many people live have no modern conveniences.

10.Мы описали промышленные газы, которые многие химики использу- ют для того, чтобы сделать нашу жизнь более комфортной.

a)We described the industrial gases many chemists use to bring more comfort to our life.

b)We describe the industrial gases which are used by many chemists to bring more comfort to our life.

c)Many industrial gases bring comfort to our life and we described them.

d)We described those industrial gases which bring comfort to our life.

5.Transform the following pairs of sentences into complex ones, by means of the asyndetic connection.

1.We know many industrial gases. Industrial gases are used by people for making various products.

2.Freon depletes the ozone layer. People use Freon for air conditioning.

3.We use the air as an industrial gas for welding processes. Air does not react chemically with metals and other elements.

4.People use acetylene as a fuel producing a large amount of heat. Acetylene helps to make water-based points and vinyl records.

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5.Nearly all of us use transport every day. Transport pollutes the atmosphere.

6.We use lasers in the unique three-dimensional imaging properties of holography. Without lasers three-dimensional imaging would not exist.

6.Fill in the table below by putting in the numbers of the appropriate sentences, depending on the function of the word one.

1.Water is one of the most widely spread and important substances known to us.

2.One must remember that nitrogen and phosphorus compounds play an important part in biological growth.

3.Absorption means the penetration of one substance into the body of another.

4.Hydrogen is used in oil processing industry, in food industry and in metal one.

5.Another gas, which is a noble one, comprises 0,98% of the atmosphere.

6.One of the mirrors is totally reflective, the other being partially transparent to allow the laser beam to escape.

7.Now we are reconstructing old treatment systems and building new ones.

8.One person needs from two and a half to three liters of water a day.

9.What other methods will they use? The ones they used were not effective.

10.He is one of the most experienced workers.

11.It is easy to lose one’s temper when one is criticized.

12.The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modern industry.

13.He knew that no one could help him.

14.Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than the new one.

15.Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials.

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16.One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on.

17.One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary.

18.The new power stations are much more powerful than the old ones.

19.One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.

20.One should always be careful when one operates this machine tool.

21.One can easily regulate the speed of this machine.

7.Define different functions of “one”. Translate t he sentences.

1.One must know that this emission can occur spontaneously at a comparatively slow rate.

2.There are many applications of laser in industry but the most important one its application in precision measurement.

3.One important limitation of the use of this device in each area is analyzed here.

4.Laser is one of the most important tools known to people.

5.Modern application of robots proposes one major disadvantage.

6.One knows that laser can also serve to prevent cracking when brittle materials are cut.

7.That vapor can be generated in practically any atmosphere is one of the advantages of this technique.

8.State the function of the word it in the given sentences. You are to choose between the four given options.

a)It (личное местоимение) – подлежащее, заменяет ранее упомянутое неодушевлённое существительное.

b)It – формальное подлежащее в безличном предложении.

c)It – дополнение.

d)It (усилительное) в составе эмфатической конструкции.

1.It was known long ago that the ancient Egyptians had many dams on the Nile river.

2.It was in the 17th century that the first experiments were made with castiron pipes for transporting water.

3.Since chlorine is a powerful oxidizing agent it will react with many organic compounds.

4.It follows that a Combination of treatment processes is often necessary to remove impurities.

5.It is difficult to imagine robots having explored ocean depths autonomously.

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6.It is impossible to imagine present-day life without air conditioning, refrigerators, spraying aerosols.

7.Chlorine gas is very toxic; nevertheless it protects us from falling ill.

8.The air acts as a protective envelope for metals during the welding process because it does not react chemically with metals.

9.It will be 50 years or more before pollutants levels reduce to their preozone hole values.

10.When he said that engineers did not synthesize new materials, she opposed it.

11.It was thought that a high-powered laser coupled with a large telescope could send a signal across many light years of space.

12.Oxygen is a sign of life as most plants and animals need it for breathing.

13.It is easy to discuss this question. It is very simple.

14.It was important to solve this problem. It occupied all his thoughts for hours.

15.It is necessary to boil water for our experiment. Then it will be pure.

16.It was not easy to define the properties of this solid. It took much time.

17.It is said that the lecture on physics was very interesting today. The professor illustrated it with many experiments.

18.It will be possible to provide the laboratory with new measuring instruments.

19.It takes Jupiter about 12 years to revolve round the Sun.

20.It will take scientists much time to find effective methods of utilizing solar energy.

21.It took radio signals a little more than 11 minutes to cover the distance from the Earth to Mars and back.

9.Translate the following sentences, paying special attention to the

translation of one, that, it.

1.It is possible to form a rather small weld zone that exhibits locally high hardness.

2.Welding is one of the most important operations that are used in industry.

3.One should not leave the electrode too long in the same position.

4.It is important to remember that to weld plates by an electric arc is quite dangerous.

5.This is a static machine since it has no moving parts.

6.If the number of turns in the secondary winding is greater than that in the primary winding it is a step-up transformer.

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