Bioregenerative Engineering Principles and Applications - Shu Q. Liu

188 CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND MECHANISMS

Epinephrine

β adrenergic

Nreceptor

Adenylyl cyclase

Cγ

ATP

ADP

P P

Substrates

Figure 5.9. Schematic representation of activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Based on bibliography 5.6.

be activated by signals from the receptor protein tyrosine kinase pathways and the G- protein-linked receptor pathways. Protein kinase C represents a family of at least 12 subtypes of protein kinase, including PKCα, βI, βII, γ, δ, ε, η, θ, ζ, ι, μ, and ν. These subtypes exhibit different distributions in tissues. The α, δ, and ζ subtypes are widely distributed among almost all tissues, whereas others are found in specialized tissues.

Various subtypes of protein kinase C exhibit different characteristics in regulatory mechanisms. Some subtypes, such as PKCα, βI, βII, and γ, can be activated by diacylglycerol and Ca2+, whereas others such as PKCζ and PKCι cannot be activated by these factors. A common feature for most PKC subtypes is the affinity and responsiveness to phorbol esters, which induce PKC activation. It is thought that tumor promoting esters, such as tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), stimulate cell proliferation via the activation of PKC.

190 CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND MECHANISMS

The activity of PKC is mediated by several mechanisms, including phosphorylation, cell membrane association, and Ca2+ and diacylglycerol binding (see page 217). Protein kinase C can be phosphorylated on the serine/threonine and tyrosine residues, a critical process inducing PKC activation. Such a process can be catalyzed by phosphoinositidedependent protein kinases. PKC association with cell membrane is another approach for inducing PKC activation. Such a process is mediated by Ca2+ and diacylglycerol. Binding of Ca2+ and diacylglycerol to PKC promotes PKC association to cell membrane and thus activates PKC.

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5.3. Structure and Function

Src

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Yes

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Lck

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Fyn

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Fgr

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Tronick SR, Popescu NC, Cheah MSC, Swan DC, Amsbaugh SC et al: Isolation and chromosomal localization of the human fgr protooncogene, a distinct member of the tyrosine kinase gene family, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:6595–9, 1985.

Hck

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Lyn

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Blk

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TGFb Receptor Type I

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