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Optics

Benjamin Crowell

Book 5 in the Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks www.lightandmatter.com

Optics

The Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks:

1Newtonian Physics

2Conservation Laws

3Vibrations and Waves

4Electricity and Magnetism

5Optics

6The Modern Revolution in Physics

Optics

Benjamin Crowell

www.lightandmatter.com

Light and Matter

Fullerton, California

www.lightandmatter.com

© 1999-2001 by Benjamin Crowell All rights reserved.

Edition 2.1 rev. 2002-09-27

ISBN 0-9704670-5-2

 

Brief Contents

 

1

The Ray Model of Light .................

11

2

Images by Reflection, Part I ........

25

3

Images by Reflection, Part II .......

33

4

Refraction and Images .................

45

5

Wave Optics ..................................

59

Contents 7

Contents

1

The Ray Model

 

 

of Light

11

1.1

The Nature of Light ..............................

12

1.2

Interaction of Light with Matter ............

15

1.3

The Ray Model of Light .......................

17

1.4

Geometry of Specular Reflection .........

20

1.5* The Principle of Least Time for Reflection

22

 

Summary ......................................................

23

Homework Problems ....................................

24

3

Images by Reflection,

 

Part II

33

3.1

A Real Image Formed by an Inbending

Mirror ......................................................

34

3.2

Other Cases With Curved Mirrors .......

37

3.3*

Aberrations .........................................

41

Summary ......................................................

43

Homework Problems ....................................

44

2

Images by Reflection,

 

Part I

25

2.1

A Virtual Image ....................................

26

2.2

Curved Mirrors .....................................

27

2.3

A Real Image .......................................

28

2.4

Images of Images ................................

29

Summary ......................................................

31

Homework Problems ....................................

32

8

Contents

4

Refraction

 

Exercises

77

 

and Images

45

Solutions to Selected

 

4.1

Refraction

46

 

Problems

85

4.2

Lenses .................................................

52

4.3*

The Lensmaker’s Equation ................

54

Glossary

87

4.4* Refraction and the Principle of Least Time

54

 

Index

89

Summary ......................................................

55

Homework Problems ....................................

56

 

 

5

Wave Optics

59

5.1

Diffraction ............................................

60

5.2

Scaling of Diffraction ............................

61

5.3

The Correspondence Principle ............

62

5.4

Huygens’ Principle ...............................

63

5.5

Double-Slit Diffraction ..........................

64

5.6

Repetition ............................................

68

5.7

Single-Slit Diffraction ...........................

69

5.8ò* The Principle of Least Time ...............

72

Summary ......................................................

73

Homework Problems ....................................

74

Contents 9

10 Contents

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