B.Crowell - The Modern Revolution in Physics, Vol
.6.pdf
The Modern
Revolution in Physics
Benjamin Crowell
Book 6 in the Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks
www.lightandmatter.com
The Modern
Revolution
in Physics
The Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks:
1Newtonian Physics
2Conservation Laws
3Vibrations and Waves
4Electricity and Magnetism
5Optics
6The Modern Revolution in Physics
The Modern Revolution
in Physics
Benjamin Crowell
www.lightandmatter.com
Light and Matter
Fullerton, California www.lightandmatter.com
© 2000 by Benjamin Crowell All rights reserved.
Edition 2.0 rev. 2002-06-03
ISBN 0-9704670-6-0
Brief Contents
1 |
Relativity, Part I |
11 |
2 |
Relativity, Part II |
29 |
3 |
Rules of Randomness |
45 |
4 |
Light as a Particle |
63 |
5 |
Matter as a Wave |
77 |
6 |
The Atom |
97 |
Contents
1 |
Relativity, Part I |
11 |
1.1 |
The Principle of Relativity .................... |
12 |
1.2 |
Distortion of Time and Space .............. |
13 |
1.3 |
Applications ......................................... |
20 |
Summary ...................................................... |
26 |
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Homework Problems .................................... |
27 |
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3 |
Rules of Randomness45 |
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3.1 |
Randomness Isn’t Random ................. |
46 |
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3.2 |
Calculating Randomness ..................... |
47 |
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3.3 |
Probability Distributions ....................... |
50 |
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3.4 Exponential Decay and Half-Life ......... |
53 |
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2 |
Relativity, Part II |
29 3.5ò |
Applications of Calculus ..................... |
58 |
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2.1 |
Invariants |
30 |
Summary ...................................................... |
60 |
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Homework Problems |
61 |
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2.2 |
Combination of Velocities |
30 |
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2.3 |
Momentum and Force ......................... |
32 |
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2.4 |
Kinetic Energy ..................................... |
33 |
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2.5 |
Equivalence of Mass and Energy ........ |
35 |
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2.6* |
Proofs ................................................. |
38 |
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Summary ...................................................... |
40 |
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Homework Problems .................................... |
41 |
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4 Light as a Particle |
63 |
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4.1 |
Evidence for Light as a Particle ........... |
64 |
4.2 |
How Much Light Is One Photon? ......... |
65 |
4.3 |
Wave-Particle Duality .......................... |
69 |
4.4 |
Photons in Three Dimensions ............. |
73 |
Summary ...................................................... |
74 |
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Homework Problems .................................... |
75 |
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5 Matter as a Wave |
77 |
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5.1 |
Electrons as Waves ............................. |
78 |
5.2*ò |
Dispersive Waves.............................. |
82 |
5.3 |
Bound States ....................................... |
84 |
5.4The Uncertainty Principle and
Measurement .......................................... |
86 |
5.5 Electrons in Electric Fields .................. |
90 |
5.6*ò The Schrödinger Equation ................ |
91 |
Summary ...................................................... |
94 |
Homework Problems .................................... |
95 |
6 |
The Atom |
97 |
6.1 |
Classifying States ................................ |
98 |
6.2 |
Angular Momentum in Three Dimensions |
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99 |
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6.3 |
The Hydrogen Atom ........................... |
101 |
6.4* Energies of States in Hydrogen ....... |
104 |
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6.5 |
Electron Spin ..................................... |
106 |
6.6 |
Atoms With More Than One Electron 107 |
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Summary .................................................... |
109 |
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Homework Problems ................................... |
110 |
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Exercises |
113 |
Solutions to Selected |
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Problems |
117 |
Glossary |
119 |
Index |
121 |
Photo Credits |
125 |