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Newtonian

Physics

Benjamin Crowell

Book 1 in the Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks www.lightandmatter.com

Newtonian Physics

The Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks:

1Newtonian Physics

2Conservation Laws

3Vibrations and Waves

4Electricity and Magnetism

5Optics

6The Modern Revolution in Physics

Newtonian Physics

Benjamin Crowell

www.lightandmatter.com

Light and Matter

Fullerton, California

www.lightandmatter.com

© 1998-2002 by Benjamin Crowell All rights reserved.

Edition 2.1 rev. 2002-11-23

ISBN 0-9704670-1-X

To Paul Herrschaft and Rich Muller.

 

Brief Contents

 

0

Introduction and Review ...............................

15

1

Scaling and Order-of-Magnitude Estimates 35

Motion in One Dimension

 

2

Velocity and Relative Motion ........................

54

3

Acceleration and Free Fall ............................

75

4

Force and Motion ...........................................

99

5

Analysis of Forces .......................................

115

Motion in Three Dimensions

 

6

Newton’s Laws in Three Dimensions ........

137

7

Vectors ..........................................................

147

8

Vectors and Motion .....................................

157

9

Circular Motion ............................................

169

10

Gravity ........................................................

183

Exercises ...........................................................

203

Solutions to Selected Problems ......................

211

Glossary .............................................................

217

Mathematical Review ........................................

219

Trig Tables..........................................................

220

Index ...................................................................

221

Contents

Preface .........................................................

13

A Note to the Student Taking Calculus

 

Concurrently ...........................................

14

0

Introduction and Review

 

15

 

 

 

0.1

The Scientific Method ..........................

15

0.2

What Is Physics? .................................

17

0.3

How to Learn Physics ..........................

20

0.4

Self-Evaluation ....................................

22

0.5

Basics of the Metric System ................

22

0.6

The Newton, the Metric Unit of Force ..

25

0.7

Less Common Metric Prefixes .............

26

0.8

Scientific Notation ................................

27

0.9

Conversions .........................................

28

0.10

Significant Figures .............................

30

Summary ......................................................

32

Homework Problems ....................................

33

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 Scaling and Order-of-

 

 

Magnitude Estimates35

1.1

Introduction ..........................................

35

1.2

Scaling of Area and Volume ................

37

1.3

Scaling Applied to Biology ...................

44

1.4

Order-of-Magnitude Estimates ............

47

Summary ......................................................

50

Homework Problems ....................................

50

Motion in One

Dimension 53

2

Velocity and Relative

 

 

Motion

54

2.1

Types of Motion ...................................

54

2.2

Describing Distance and Time .............

57

2.3

Graphs of Motion; Velocity. ..................

60

2.4

The Principle of Inertia .........................

64

2.5

Addition of Velocities ...........................

67

2.6

Graphs of Velocity Versus Time ...........

69

2.7 ò Applications of Calculus ....................

69

Summary ......................................................

71

Homework Problems ....................................

72

3

Acceleration and Free

 

Fall

75

3.1

The Motion of Falling Objects ..............

75

3.2

Acceleration .........................................

78

3.3

Positive and Negative Acceleration .....

81

3.4

Varying Acceleration ............................

84

3.5The Area Under the Velocity-Time Graph87

3.6Algebraic Results for Constant

Acceleration ............................................

89

3.7* Biological Effects of Weightlessness ..

91

3.8 ò Applications of Calculus ....................

93

Summary ......................................................

94

Homework Problems ....................................

95

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