3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

(Modal Verbs)

Диагностический тест: Отметьте предложения ниже – верные (R) или неверные (W) и исправьте ошибки.

	1.	Passengers need not walk across the railway lines, it is dangerous.
	2.	He was born in a poor family and had to make money at a very early age.
	3.	He set off for the school where he had to write his exams for entry to the university.
	4.	He was in a hurry but may find time to discuss our plan.
	5.	A man thinking of marriage should be preparing for marriage.
	6.	I’m not sure but I can see Sue in town last night.
	7.	It ought to be raining, the ground is still wet.
	8.	These conditions may affects the course of the reaction.
	9.	The structural changes may to produce a marked effect.
	10.	This defect may account for the discrepancy in the results.

Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs) обозначают не само действие, а указы­вают на отношение к нему говорящего лица. Модальные глаго­лы can, may, must выражают способность, возможность, допус­тимость, долженствование. Случаи употребления глаголов can, may, must смотрите в Приложении 2.

Модальные глаголы употребляются только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to.

Модальные глаголы характеризуются тем, что они:

1. Не имеют неличных форм — инфинитива, причастия, ге­рундия.

2. Не изменяются по лицам и числам (не имеют окон­чаний –s (-es), -ed, -ing).

3. При образовании вопросительных и отрицательных предложений с модальными глаголами не используются вспомогательные глаголы.

Can (мочь ч-л делать)/ be able to (смочь ч-л сделать)

Present	Past	Future
can	could	-----
am is able to are	was able to were	shall be able to will

May (можно)/ be allowed to ( разрешается)

Present	Past	Future
may	might + Infinitive (в значении «возможность»)	-----
am is allowed to are	was allowed to were	shall be allowed to will

must / be to/ have to/ ought to/ should/ would

Present	Past	Future	Значение
must	-----	-----	должен
am is to are	was to were	shall be to will	должен по приказу, необходимости, расписанию
have to has (I don’t have to…)	had to (He didn’t have to…)	will have to (We won’t have to)	вынужден в силу независящих от кого-то обстоятельств
ought to	-----	-----	моральный долг
should	-----	-----	долженствования или совета
would	-----	-----	придает намерение, повторяемость и систематичность действию в прошлом

Задание 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык и объясните значение модальных глаголов в этих предложениях.

1. Could you tell the time? 2. Can you speak English? 3. You can take this picture if you like it. 4. He can hardly have meant that. 5. He was not able to get there in time. 6. I shall be able to come on Saturday. 7. May I ask a question? 8. May I trouble you to explain to me this problem? 9. Maybe he will help you. 10. I put on my raincoat because I thought it might rain. 11. Smoking is not allowed here. 12. I am afraid the teacher will not allow me to rewrite the composition. 13. I must get up early every day. 14. He must be ill. 15. He must be somewhere here.

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя глагол must, или его эквивалент have to.

"On behalf of Newton Industries, I'd like to explain a few of the factory rules. Mr. Newton has said we 1) ___ wear overalls at all times. He wants us to arrive at 8 a.m. and we 2) ___ clock in. There is a possibility of working overtime but you 3) ___ decide whether you want to work extra hours. Mr. Newton insists that we 4) ___ have fifteen-minute breaks every three or four hours but we 5) ___ choose when we would like those breaks. There is a problem with parking. The city insists we 6) ___ use the public garage. They believe parking on the grass is too damaging to public property and I 7) ___ say I agree. Finally, as far as health insurance is concerned, you 8) ___ register as soon as possible. Are there any questions?"

Задание 3. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. People cannot see well in the evening; in order to see well they must light a lamp. 2. You may come in and sit down. 3. My friend must go to a rest home in summer: then he will be strong again. 4. We cannot see many stars without a telescope because they are very far from us. 5. Many stars are very far from us; therefore we cannot see them without a telescope. 6. In order to see certain stars we must use a telescope. 7. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun that is why it may receive more heat and light than any other planet.

need/ have to

Don’t have to/ don’t need to/ needn’t + Infinitive Indefinite	Выражает отсутствие какой-либо необходимости в настоящем или будущем времени	Youneedn’t worryaboutitanymore. - Нестоитбольше об этом беспокоиться.
Didn’t need to/ didn’t have to + Infinitive Indefinite	Выражает отсутствие какой-либо необходимости в прошлом, и неизвестно было ли действие совершено	Shedidn’t need to buyadressforaparty. –Не было необходимостипокупать платье на вечер.
Needn’t + Perfect Infinitive без частицы to	Известно, что какое-то действие было совершено в прошлом, хотя в этом не было необходимости	Youneedn’t have saidthat. – Нестоилотебе этоговорить.

Задание 4. Раскройте скобки и заполните пропуски в предложениях следующими модальными глаголами: 1) needn't have; 2) didn't need/ have to; 3) don't need/ have to/ needn't.

"Have you seen Modem Families yet?" Paul asked Mary as he was checking through the cinema listings. "I saw it last night," she replied. "I ___needn't have gone__ 1) (go) though. I already knew what it would be like." "Didn't you like it?" "Not really. The director___ 2) (spend) so much money presenting such a weak story. It's a good thing I ___3) (pay) to get in." "How did you manage that?" asked Paul. "I went with Tom," she answered. "Critics ___ 4) (pay) to see films you know." "How was the acting?" "Well, the director ___ 5) (hire) such good actors for a film like that," said Mary. "I mean you ___ 6) (have) much talent to sit around talking about nothing for hours." "Did Tom review it?" "He ___ 7) (write) about it. Somebody else had already done it for his paper. We just went out of curiosity, but really we ___ 8) (go).

Задание 5. Преобразуйте данные предложения из активного залога в пассивный залог.

Пример: We must purify the solution. - The solution must be purified.

1. We must dilute the acid. 2. We must expose the substance to radiation. 3. We must control the process. 4. We must regulate the temperature conditions. 5. We must alter the experimental conditions. 6. This radiation dose may damage the cells.

Задание 6. Составьте вопросительные предложения, исходя из нижеприведенной информации: Ask him/ her…

1. We are to describe a variety of techniques for processor applications. 2. A digital logic element must process this characteristic to operate in two or more distinct states. 3. The additional addresses can be used to specify where the results of the operation are to be stored. 4. The switch over is to be fully automatic. 5. Means have to be provided to recognize the beginning and the end of the magnetic tape. 6. Some subroutines can be used in exactly the same form each time.

Задание 7. Составьте вопросительные предложения из приведенных ниже слов и словосочетаний.

1. can/ be/ where/ radars/ used?

2. airplanes/ will/ be able/ over mountain rangers in storm/ to fly/ having radars?

3. the electrical properties of germanium/ may/ how/ changed/ be?

4. this tuning/ how/ effected/ be/ can?

Задание 8. Определите, в какой части предложения содержится ошибка.

1.

They must has overlooked this possibility.

a

b

c

d

2.

You will may enter this room.

a

b

c

d

3.

You can to see this old film in one cinema only.

a

b

c

d

4.

The talks were be attended by the representatives of the 15 countries.

a

b

c

d

5.

He shoulds follow all the important scientific researches in his field.

a

b

c

d