2. Союз

(The Conjunction)

Простые союзы	Составные союзы	Составные двойные союзы	Сочинительные союзы	Подчинительные союзы
and, but, if, that, because, after, before, since, while, when, until(till)	as well as, so that, so as, in order that	both … and, not only … but, also, either … or, no sooner … than, neither …nor, both … and	and, as well as, but, or, either … or, not only … but also and	that, if, whether, after, as soon as, for, since, as, in case, so that, although

Обратите внимание на употребление следующих слов в качестве союзов и предлогов:

	предлог	союз
as	как	так как
after	после	после того как
because	-	потому что
because of	из-за	-
before	до	до того как
for	для, в течение	так как
since	со времени	так как, хотя

Обратите внимание на следующие вводные слова:

in either case	в любом случае
clearly	ясно
fortunately	к счастью
unfortunately	к несчастью
of course	конечно
in contrast	в противовес
finally	в итоге
for these reasons	по этим причинам
in other words	другими словами
in the case of	в случае, если
furthermore	к тому же, кроме того; более того
thus due to	таким образом благодаря тому, что

Задание 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод вводных слов.

1. In either case, the battery must not be overcharged by more than 1 % above the rating. 2. For these reasons Li-Ion is quickly becoming the most popular choice for cellular phones and portable computers. 3. It is worthwhile to compare this charge curve with that of Ni Cad and NIMN batteries. 4. Finally, the microcontroller needs to control the charge current to set it in full charge or trickle charge mode. 5. In contrast, charging a Li-Ion battery is actually a fairly straight-forward process of voltage limiting, assuming that the precision requirements are met. 6. Unfortunately, it is never possible to realize the entire capacity of the battery due to internal losses. 7. Of course, losses are present that do slow down the total charge time.

Задание 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения союза.

As

1. Так как 4. Столько-сколько

2. В то время как 5. Как по мере того, как

3. Поскольку

1. As the time passed, stone tool were substituted by metal one. 2. There are two kinds of transformations, known as physical and chemical changes. 3. The outer and inner chip sides are as thick as 40 millimeters. 4. At present plastics as well as metals are widely used in various branches of industry. 5. Transistor oscillations can be used for the same purposes as vacuum tubes. 6. Several general requirements should be met to match transistor stages in an amplifier. 7. As a chief engineer is here we shall ask him to examine the instrument. 8. As an engineer you must know all the working processes of your department. 9. By means of television we can see as well listen to programs as they take place many kilometers away.

Задание 3. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов.

1. (After, before) discovery of the structure of atomic nuclei, it was thought that there existed two general types of forces explaining all natural phenomena: electrical and gravitational forces. 2. (After, before) a period of discharge the battery can be restored to its original condition by supplying energy to it from the outside source. 3. For days or weeks (after, before) the reactor has been turned off, the radiation intensity is so great inside that repairs there are never attempted. 4. (After, before) another stage of the amplification the current is strong enough to operate the powerful loudspeaker. 5. (After, before) the blast furnace the molten iron is poured into the conductor.

Задание 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.

As high as, as low as (до) (перед цифрами)

1. In the chemical reaction the temperature of gases may be as high as 3,500 degrees by Centigrade.

2. The voltage dropped to as low as 26 volts.

3. The possibility of discharge large amounts of energy was demonstrated as early as 1919.

Since (так как, с)

1. Since the distance of the electrons from the nucleus is about a hundred thousands times as large as the diameter of the nucleus, most of the atom consists of empty space.

2. About 100 years passed since the day when radio was discovered.

3. A few elementary substances such as gold, silver, cuprum have been known since old times.

4. This method has been widely used since ancient times.

For

1. If such loads exist, their effect should be carefully studied and provided for.

2. However, for special purposes heat, light and sound are very useful sources of energy, too.

Otherwise (иначе)

1. From early times man has been continually creating and improving devices to assist him in completing tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible.

2. External forces, whether lifting or otherwise, that act upon a body are termed “loads”.

Yet (еще, все еще, пока что (о прошлом), еще (о будущем), уже (в вопросительных предложениях), пора)

1. The nucleus of an atom contains most of the atom's mass yet it occupies little of the atomic volume.

2. Time enough yet? No, there isn't time enough yet.

3. As yet we have not considered the speeds of spaceships.

Задание 5. Выберите правильный вариант: 1) still (все еще); 2) rather (достаточно); 3) rather than (нежели).

1. In mechanical systems energy will be stated in joules (джоуль) (still, rather, rather than) in ergs. 2. The simple phenomena of magnetism are known for every student, but a complete understanding of the mechanism of magnetic action is (still, rather, rather than) the subject of advanced research.

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски в предложении подходящими по смыслу союзами.

1. He showed ___ any two masses attract each other. 2. Give us a material ___ can withstand very high temperature. 3. We shall go to the lecture on mechanics, ___it seems to be interesting. 4. There is no flow of electrons ___ the electric circuit was broken.

Задание 7. Определите, в какой части предложения содержится ошибка.

1.

The central core of the earth is made of both very hot or dense material.

a

b

c

d

2.

Many meteorite falls go unnoticed because they happen either at night nor

a

b

c

d

they hit the earth in uninhabited areas.

3.

Octopuses have not only large brains and also а well-developed nervous

a

b

c

d

system.

4.

Compact disks are affected neither by scratching and by dust.

a

b

c

d