Posibnik_-_2011

The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of bone and cartilage, depending upon the group of animals. The skeletal system provides a supporting framework for the body, a system of joints, and places of attachment for skeletal muscles. In vertebrates, this system also serves to protect other parts of the body, such as the brain and the spinal cord.

The muscular system involves all of the muscle tissues within the body. The contraction of these tissues, whether voluntary or involuntary, is a response to a nerve impulse.

The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord, all the peripheral nerves, and the sensory parts of those organs concerned with receiving stimuli from the external or internal environment. The nervous system receives the stimuli and conducts the nerve impulses that cause an organism to respond. It also integrates and coordinates the various body parts in accordance with the information received in the form of stimuli. In higher animals this system permits the processes, which we term intelligence, i.e., thought, reasoning, and memory.

The reproductive system has as its sole function the perpetuation of the species through the production of new organisms. The organs involved include the gonads (the testes and ovaries) with their various associated ducts and glands. The asexual methods of reproduction characteristic of primitive forms do not involve reproductive organs.

The endocrine system consists of the ductless glands, the glands that produce chemical regulators called hormones. Hormones are highly specific in their effects. The thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands are examples of organs, which compose this system.

The integumentary system is composed of the skin and the specialized structures, such as hair, sсales, feathers, and nails, which develop from it. The primary purpose of this system is protection.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1.What are organs system

2.Where do organs and organ systems exist?

3.How many systems are commonly recognized in animals?

4.What organs is the digestive system composed of?

5.What does the circulatory system consist of?

6.How does this system transport materials?

7.What organs is the respiratory system composed of?

8.What is the function of this system?

9.What does the excretory system provide the body with?

10.What are the primary excretory organs?

11.What does the skeleton system provide?

12.What does the muscular system involve?

13.What do you know about the composition of the nervous system?

14.Does this system permit the process of intelligence?

15.What is the sole function of the reproductive system?

16.What does the endocrine system consist of?

17.What is the primary purpose of the integumentary system?

61

II. Підберіть до українських слів їх англійські еквіваленти.

62

V.Згрупуйте подані нижче слова за частинами мови.

various, tissue, animal, become, associate, particular, function, exist, level, carry, large, intestine, liver, function action, break, absorb, compose, blood, lymph, lymphatic, transport, disease, twofold, carry, remove, waste, respiration, evolve, posses, flow, exchange, surface, multicellular, contraction, sensory, concern, receive.

VI. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях, використовуючи слова у дужках.

1.Organs, which are related by function, are ___________ into organ systems.

2.Organs and organ systems exist in all ___________ forms.

3.Ten systems are commonly ____________ in animals.

4.The respiratory system is composed of the _____________.

5.In some ___________ other organs of respiration have evolved.

6.The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of ___________.

7.The primary ____________ organs are the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver.

8.The endocrine system ___________ the ductless glands, the glands that produce chemical regulators called hormones.

9.The asexual methods of reproduction characteristic of __________ do not involve reproductive organs.

10.The __________ is composed of the skin and the specialized structures, such as hair, sсales, feathers, and nails, which develop from it.

1)bones and cartilage, 2)animals, 3)recognized, 4)grouped, 5)integumentary system, 6)lungs, 7)excretory, 8)primitive forms, 9)consists of, 10)multicellular.

VIII. Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними.

Зразок 1: А. Organs, which are related by function, are grouped into organ systems.

63

Do you agree with me?

B. Yes, you are quite right. Organs, which are related by function, are grouped into organ systems. Зразок 2 : A. Organs, which are related by function, are not grouped into organ systems.

Do you agree with me?

B. No, that’s wrong. Organs, which are related by function, are grouped into organ systems.

1. Twelve organ systems are commonly recognized in animals. 2. The digestive system is composed of such organs as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas and liver. 3. In higher animals, the reproductive system permits the processes, which we term intelligence, i.e., thought, reasoning, and memory. 4. The thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands are examples of organs, which compose the endocrine system. 5. The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of bone and cartilage, depending upon the group of animals.

6. The circulatory system is composed of the skin and the specialized structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, and nails. 7. The function of the digestive system is twofold: to supply all the cells within the body with the oxygen they need to carry on respiration; to remove the carbon dioxide and some of the water that is a waste product of respiration. 8. All these organs function together, primarily through the action of nervous enzymes, to break down food particles into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream. 9. Fish possess gills; insects have a series of tubules through which air flows. 10.The wide tissue within the cavities of short bones and ribs is the source of red blood cells and certain kinds of white blood cells.

IX. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1. Органи та системи органів існують в усіх багатоклітинних формах. 2. Система травлення складається з таких органів, як шлунок, тонка кишка, товста кишка, підшлункова залоза та печінка. 3. Система кровообігу складається із серця, кров’яних судин, крові, лімфатичних судин та лімфи. 4. Система кровообігу переносить гормони і регулює температуру тіла, а також захищає тіло від хвороб. 5. Респіраторна система складається з легень, носової порожнини, глотки, трахеї, бронхіальних трубок. 6. У хребетних тварин скелет служить для захисту таких органів, як мозок, спинний мозок та ін. 7. Ендокринна система складається із залоз внутрішньої секреції, які виробляють хімічні регулятори, що називаються гормонами. 8. Гормони надзвичайно специфічні за своєю дією. 9. Первинними екскреторними органами є нирки, легені, шкіра та печінка. 10.Респіраторна система слугує для постачання клітин киснем, якого вони потребують.

X. Знайдіть спільне слово.

a)esophagus, stomach, small intestine, digestive system, large intestine, pancreas, liver.

b)heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, circulatory system, lymph.

c)lungs, respiratory system, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchial tubes.

d)brain, nervous system, spinal cord, rib cage.

64

e) skin, hair, integumentary system, scales, feathers, nails.

XI. Згрупуйте слова у синонімічні пари.

little, to get, to conserve, to support, for instance, illness, to protect, to compose, to transport, small, disease, for example, to carry, to maintain, to consist, to receive.

XII. Відкрийте дужки і поставте дієслова у відповідній граматичній формі.

1. Organs and organ systems (to exist) in all multicellular forms. 2. The association of organs with each other (to carry out) particular functions. 3. All these organs (to function) together. 4. The circulatory system (to be composed) of the heart, the blood vessels, blood, the lymphatic vessels, and lymph. 5. The digestive system (to consist) of such organs as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas and liver. 6. The excretory system (to provide) the body with a means of ridding itself of metabolic waste materials. 7. The primary excretory organs (to be) the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver. 8. In some animals, other organs of respiration (to evolve). 9. The skeletal system (to provide) a supporting framework for the body. 10. In higher animals this system (to permit) the processes, which we term intelligence i.e., thought, reasoning, and memory. 11. The reproductive system (to have) as its sole function the perpetuation of the species through the production of new organisms.

XIII. Складіть речення, використовуючи подані словосполучення. Перекладіть українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на конструкцію “Complex object”.

A

65

XIV.Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1.Я хочу, щоб ви зробили це терміново. 2.Я не вірила, що він це зробить. 3.Адміністрація університету дозволила нам відпочити декілька днів на честь свята. 4.Я просила вас повідомити нам вашу точну адресу. 5.Я вважаю, що тварини розумніші, ніж ми думаємо про них. 6.Мені подобається, як він співає. 7.Давайте підемо по магазинах. 8.Я не дозволяю своїм студентам розмовляти рідною мовою на уроках англійської мови. 9.Я б хотіла, щоб ви підписали мені свою книгу. 10.Я б хотіла нагадати, щоб ви зателефонували нам завтра.

XV.Складіть речення з поданими дієсловами за зразком, вживаючи конструкцію “Complex Object”, та перекладіть їх

A.want, wish, desire, should (would) like, hate (дієслова, що виражають бажання).

Зразок : My friends want me to come on Sunday.

B.see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel (що виражають сприйняття органами чуттів).

Зразок : I saw him cross the street.

C. consider, expect, think, believe, suppose, find, know, declare, (що виражають припущення).

Зразок: I consider him to be an honest man.

D.order, command, ask, allow (що виражають наказ, прохання, дозвіл).

Зразок: The dean ordered the textbooks to be returned to the library in time.

XVI. Перекажіть текст.

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Organs, which are related by function, are grouped into organ systems. The coordinated functioning of all organ systems enables an individual organism to live in its environment and to reproduce.

Ten such systems are commonly recognized in animals.

The digestive system is composed of such organs as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas and liver.

The circulatory system is composed of the heart, the blood vessels, blood, the lymphatic vessels, and lymph.

The respiratory system is composed of the lungs and the related air passages (the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the trachea, and the bronchial tubes). In some animals other organs of respiration have evolved. For example, fish possess gills, insects have a series of tubules through which air flows, and a number of organisms, particularly the more primitive ones, carry on an oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange through the body surface.

The primary excretory organs are the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver.

The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of bone and cartilage.

66

The muscular system involves all of the muscle tissues within the body. The contraction of these tissues, whether voluntary or involuntary, is a response to a nerve impulse.

The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord, all the peripheral nerves, and the sensory parts of those organs concerned with receiving stimuli from the external or internal environment. It also integrates and coordinates the various body parts in accordance with the information received in the form of stimuli. In higher animals this system permits the processes, which we term intelligence, i.e., thought, reasoning, and memory.

The reproductive system has the function of the perpetuation of the species through the production of new organisms. The organs involved include the gonads (the testes and ovaries) with their various associated ducts and glands.

The endocrine system consists of the ductless glands, the glands that produce chemical regulators called hormones. The thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands are examples of organs, which compose this system.

The integumentary system is composed of the skin and the specialized structures, such as hair, sсales, feathers, and nails, which develop from it. The primary purpose of this system is protection.

67

Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою.

THE RUMINANT STOMACH

The true stomach in cattle and sheep is known as the abomasum. This stomach is preceded by three other “stomachs” which are really pretreatment sacs or pouches. The first, which is the largest, is the rumen in which much mucus is produced. The food bolus can be returned to the mouth for further chewing (cudding), but in the rumen it is eventually liquefied. The products of micro-organism fermentation can be absorbed through the rumen wall whose surface area is increased by many small projections.

The next “stomach”, the reticulum, is so named because its lining consists of net-like compartments. It functions mainly as a fluid store.

The third “stomach”, the omasum, has walls lined with “leaves” of tough tissue between which the remaining fibrous food material is ground. In young suckling animals, these pre-treatment “stomachs” have no part to play in the digestion of milk, and they are by-passed by a tube formed to carry liquids directly into the abomasum. This complex stomach arrangement enables the ruminant animal to deal with large quantities of food material containing carbohydrates in the form of cellulose, the tough fibre in hay and straw, which without this special treatment would be indigestible and therefore of no value to the animal.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1.What is the true stomach in cattle and sheep preceded by?

2.What is produced in the rumen?

3.What happens to the food bolus in the rumen?

4.What can the products of microorganism fermentation be absorbed through?

5.What is the name of the stomach whose lining consists of net-like compartments? What are its main functions?

6.Which stomach has walls lined with “leaves” of tough tissue?

7.What are the pretreatment “stomachs” by-passed by in young suckling animals?

8.What does the complex stomach arrangement enable the ruminant animal to do?

68

cattle, to function, largest, mucus, is produced, products, is increased, projections, net-like, tough, fibrous, liquid, complex, enables, quantities, to deal with, fibre, indigestible, value, to be absorbed.

II.Знайдіть спільне слово.

1.abomasum, rumen, reticulum, stomach 2.sheep, cows, cattle, pigs

3.chemicals, carbohydrates, cellulose

III.Згрупуйте подані нижче слова у синонімічні пари.

stomach, abomasum, pretreatment sac, pouch, slippery liquid, mucus, ruminating, cudding, functioning, operating, arrangement, system.

IV.Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1.Abomasum is preceded by three other “stomachs” which are really pretreatment sacs or pouches.

2.Mucus is produced in the rumen.

3.The food bolus is liquefied in the rumen.

4.The rumen wall surface area is increased by many small projections.

5.The reticulum lining consists of net-like compartments.

6.The reticulum functions mainly as a fluid store.

7.This complex stomach arrangement enables the ruminant animal to deal with large quantities of food material.

8.The products of microorganism fermentation can be absorbed through the rumen wall.

9.A tube is formed to carry liquids directly into the abomasum.

10.Carbohydrates in the form of cellulose, the tough fibre in hay and straw would be indigestible without special treatment.

V. Підберіть визначення до поданих термінів.

VI.Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи умовний спосіб, та перекладіть речення українською мовою.

A.Зразок:If they (to know) the true stomach in cattle they will cure the animal. - If they know the true stomach in cattle they will cure the animal.

1.If the rumen (to be) sick much mucus won’t be produced in it.

2.If the weather (to be) nice tomorrow, we will go to the zoo.

3.I’m sure they (to understand) when you tell about it.

4.If you have some problems, I (to try) to help you.

69

5.If I have time on Sunday, I (to call) you.

6.When I get a ticket, I (to inform) you about it.

7.As soon as the president arrives, the conference (to begin).

B. Зразок:If you don’t hurry, we (to be) late. – If you don’t hurry, we will be late.

1.If the food (not to return) to the mouth for further chewing, it won’t be liquefied.

2.If the omasum (not to have) walls lined with “leaves” of tough tissue, the remaining fibrous food material won’t be ground between them.

3.If the animal (not to have) a stomach, it won’t transform the food material from a solid to a liquid state.

4.If the weather is not cold, the football match (to take place).

5.If you do not explain it to me, I (not to be able) to do this work.

C. Зразок: When you (to receive) my letter, please, let me know. – When you receive my letter, please, let me know.

1.When you (to have) some problems, tell me, please.

2.If you (to be) in Kyiv next time, come to see us.

3.If I (to be) late tomorrow, don’t wait for me.

4.As soon as the delegation (to arrive), tell me about it.

5.When you (to be) angry, don’t show it in any way.

VII. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1.Коли ви прочитаєте цю книгу, вона вам сподобається.

2.Якщо я добре складу всі екзамени, я отримаю стипендію.

3.Щойно закінчиться сесія, я поїду до своїх батьків.

4.Це буде чудово, якщо ви зробите доповідь на нашій конференції.

5.Якщо у нас буде вільний час, то ми завершимо наш підручник до кінця року.

6.Коли він почує цю новину, він буде дуже радий.

7.Коли ви отримаєте візу, купуйте квиток і поінформуйте нас по телефону про дату вашого прибуття.

8.Якщо ти зустрінеш Анну, не розповідай їй про наші плани.

9.Якщо все буде гаразд, ми зможемо виїхати наступного понеділка.

10.Я не зможу приїхати до вас доти, поки (unless) не складу сесію.

VIII. Утворіть питальні та заперечні речення за зразком:

Зразок: Many small projections increase the rumen wall surface area.

(?) Do many small projections increase the rumen wall surface area? (-) Many small projections don’t increase the rumen wall surface area.

1.The rumen, reticulum and omasum are really pretreatment sacs or pouches.

2.Three other stomachs precede the true stomachs.

3.The food bolus is eventually liquefied in the rumen.

4.The food bolus can be returned to the mouth for further chewing.

70