Posibnik_-_2011

B

1.In England there are about 50 species of land mammals.

2.There is one species peculiar to Britain – the red grouse (шотландська куріпка). 3.In Britain there are many migrant species which only visit the country.

4.There are 10 known elements necessary for bacterial nutrition.

5.Now there are 150 member-states of WHO (World Health Organisation). 6.There were only some students from our group at the confrence. 7.There are 100 trillion bacteria in our intenstines.

8.There are a lot of new words in this text.

9.Within zoology there is entomology, the study of insects. 10.There were many mistakes in my test.

C

1.Our University has 18 colleges.

2.Smaller dogs have tiny bones.

3.Hunting dogs have more substantial bones.

4.The Borzoi has a narrow head and long face.

5.Primitive people had many enemies among wild animals.

6.Tomorrow I’ll have time to travel round the city.

7.Last night he had a sudden heart attack.

8.We often have a bite in this café together.

9.We had a fine time there last summer.

10.I’ve got money about me.

XIII. Утворіть речення за зразком.

А.Зразок:

1.Tuberculosis occurred in livestock throughout the world. 2.Grass provided food for millions of cattle and sheep. 3.Bacteria existed in air, water, soil etc.

4.Bacteria caused an outbreak of dangerous disease.

5.Only after 1870 veterinary education became a reality in the United States.

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B. Зразок:

1.We enjoy wild animals and plants because they make the earth a more pleasant place to live. 2.Water helps us digest food.

3.Viruses replicate within the host’s cells.

4.Biology includes botany, zoology, microbiology and genetics. 5. Our intestines contain 100 trillion bacteria.

C.Зразок:

1.Viruses will form new virions which will invade further cells of the host.

2.These viruses will cause leukosis and yellow fever.

3.The conference on small animal diseases will take place next Monday.

4.Soon our cat will have kittens.

5.We will enrich the soil in order to increase yields.

XIV. Поставте питання до виділених слів у реченнях.

1.Tuberculosis occurred in livestock throughout the world. 2.Grass provided food for millions of cattle and sheep. 3.Bacteria existed in air, water, soil etc.

4.Bacteria caused an outbreak of dangerous disease.

5.Only after 1870 veterinary education became a reality in the United States.

6.We enjoy wild animals and plants because they make the earth a more pleasant place to live.

7.Water helps us digest food.

8.Viruses replicate within the host’s cells.

9.Biology includes botany, zoology, microbiology and genetics.

10. Our intestines contain 100 trillion bacteria.

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XV. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1.Скільки бактерій міститься у кишечнику людини? 2.Чи є спортзал у вашому університеті? 3.На якому поверсі розташований деканат вашого факультету? 4.В Америці не було домашніх тварин, коли туди приїхала біла людина. 5.У сільському господарстві ми залежимо від машин, добрив, знань про тварин і рослин та їх поведінку. 6.Згідно з легендою, протягом Золотого віку не було вбивств тварин. 7.Зараз у Кембріджі існує приблизно 19 факультетів. 8.На міжнародній конференції будуть представники з багатьох країн. 9.Вода допомагає нам перетравлювати їжу. 10.У вашому листі було багато помилок. 11.Чи є у вас вдома які-небудь тварини? 12.У тебе є кішка або собака? 13.У тебе є парасолька? 14.У твого батька гарна робота? 15.Скільки кафедр на вашому факультеті? 16.У вашого друга є домашні тварини? 17.У нашому районі не було спалахів туберкульозу. 18.Вибачте, у мене немає часу. Я зателефоную Вам завтра. 19.У нас не було грошей, тому ми вирішили піти пішки. 20.Після засідання буде обід, а потім невеличкий концерт.

XVI. Перекажіть текст англійською мовою.

BACTERIA AND VIRUSES

Bacterium is the simplest and the smallest form of plant life. They exist in air, water and soil, and in living and dead animals and plants. One teaspoon of rich soil is home to more than 100 billion bacteria. These microbes recycle leftovers of everything else. Bacteria are about two billion years old, and nowadays nothing can live without them. While some of them are pathogens or germs, the others work to breakdown or convert matter into nutrients that can be used by organisms for food. Bacteria in our intestines help us digest our meals.

Bacteria clean up our environment by feeding on toxic wastes, petroleum, and sewage. Some bacteria make nitrogen available to plants. Industries can culture microorganisms to produce medicines, pesticides, solvents, and even to separate metals from ore.

Microorganisms secrete enzymes used in fermenting beer, wine, cheeses, breads, and many other

foods.

A virus is any of various poisonous elements, smaller than bacteria, causing the spread of infectious diseases.

Viruses consist usually of a central part containing nucleic acid, surrounded by a coat of protein, or of protein and lipid. The nucleic acid is: DNA or RNA in viruses attacking animals; RNA in viruses attacking plants; usually DNA in bacteriophages.

Viruses replicate within the host’s cells forming new virions which invade further cells of the host. Viruses can only replicate intracelluarly, so they can not be cultured in a nonliving medium.

The nucleic acid of the virus takes control of the nucleus in the host cell. During this process the cell may be destroyed or may produce toxins which cause clinical disease.

Viruses can be spread either by droplet infection, personal contact or biting insects.

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UNIT 2

THE CELL

Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою.

THE CELL

In every living thing on Earth there are cells. A very small, complex unit of PROTOPLASM, usually with a nucleus, cytoplasm, and enclosing membrane is termed “the cell”. Cells keep living things

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organized. One of the main purposes of cells is to organize. You have brain cells, stomach cells, bone cells, and many other types of cells. Each is different from the others.

In the same way there are different kinds of cells inside you, different organisms have different types of cells. Trees have different cells that you and so do monkeys. Each of those cells is different in some way. It might be the DNA, or the number of MITOCHONDRIA. Every cell has a specific job to do.

There are even some creatures on Earth that don’t have all of the basic parts of a cell, or even a cell. Bacteria are missing nuclear membranes to hold their DNA inside. Viruses don’t have cells; they are just a bit of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts or cell walls. There is so much variety in the world, but here we are going to talk about the basic structures you might find in cells. Just remember, not every creature has all of the pieces.

All cells have to survive and live, so they need energy. But what do you use the energy for? Nerve cells conduct electrical impulses through the body. There are cells in your intestine that absorb nutrients from the food you eat. Stomach cells secrete an acid to digest your food. No matter what they do, they convert food into energy.

Where do you get the food? Some plant cells have an organelle called a CHLOROPLAST that takes energy from the sun and converts it into sugars. There are some cells that digest their food outside of the cell and then absorb it.

The NUCLEUS is like the brain of the cell. If you take the nucleus out of a cell it dies. It is the thing that tells every part of the cell what to do. It even tells the cell when to divide. Cells that have nuclei are called EUKARYOTES.

Inside the nucleus is all of the stuff used in cell reproduction. Scientists call that “stuff” DNA. DNA is short for DESOXYNUCLEIC ACID (isn’t DNA much easier to say?). The cell’s DNA has the instructions that tell the cell what it should do, and what it should become. DNA tells the cell what kind of proteins to make and the best things the cell should do to survive.

Around the nucleus is another membrane (different from the cell membrane). The nuclear membrane holds the nucleus together. Scientists call the membrane the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE. Just like in the other membranes and cell wall, this one has tiny holes. Pieces of protein and RNA can pass through these holes.

When the cell is just sitting around, there is something called CHROMATIN in the nucleus. We just talked about DNA. Chromatin is made up of DNA, RNA and proteins. When the cell is going to divide, the chromatin becomes very compact, it condenses. When it comes together, you can see the things that scientists call chromosomes.

If you see a picture of a nucleus, you might see a small dark area inside the nucleus, almost like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus. This dark area is called the NUCLEUS. The nucleus is made up of protein and RNA with very little DNA.

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Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1.Who has cells?

2.What is usually termed as “the cell”? 3.What keep living things organized? 4.What is the main purpose of cells?

5.What kinds of cells does a man usually have? 6.What kind of job does every cell have to do?

7.Name creatures that have no all of the basic parts of a cell? 8.What do all cells need in order to survive and live? 9.What do cells in man’s intestine absorb from the food? 10.What is the nucleus of the cell like?

11.What happens if you take the nucleus out of a cell? 12.How do we usually call the cells that have nuclei? 13.In what way do usually scientists call DNA?

14.What kinds of instructions does DNA have? 15.What is there around the nucleus?

16.How do scientists call the membrane? 17.What are the basic parts of chromatin?

18.What one might see if he looks at the picture of a nucleus? 19.What are the basic parts of the nucleus?

Вправи

I. Підберіть до англійських слів у лівій колонці їх українські еквіваленти з правої колонки.

II. Підберіть до українських слів у лівій колонці їх англійські еквіваленти з правої колонки.

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things, job, earth, organize, small, complex, term, unit, brain, keep, enclose, different, monkey, specific, creature, energy, use, absorb, call, matter, die, organelle, digest, tell, nuclei, part, viruses, structure, acid, scientific, survive, hole, basic, stuff, variety, electrical, conduct, secrete, remember, stomach, reproduction.

VI. Підберіть до слів у лівій колонці синоніми з правої колонки.

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VII. Підберіть до слів у лівій колонці антоніми з правої колонки.

VIII. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях, використовуючи слова у дужках.

1.All cells have to survive and live, so they … energy. 2.One of the main …of cells is to organize.

3.In the same way there are … of cells inside you. 4.Each of those cells is different in … way.

5.There are cells in your intestine that … nutrients from the food you eat. 6.Stomach cells secrete an acid …your food.

7.The nucleus is like …of the cell.

8.The cell’s DNA has the … that tell the cell what it should do. 9.Inside the nucleus is all of the stuff … in cell reproduction.

10.Around the nucleus is another membrane (… from the cell membrane). 11.When the cell is going to divide, …becomes very compact, and it condenses.

12.If you see a picture of … , you might see a small dark area inside the nucleus, almost like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus.

(different kinds, to digest, some, the chromatin, need, used, purposes, a nucleus, the brain, absorb, instructions, different)

IX. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1.Кожна жива істота на землі має клітини. 2 Одна із головних функцій клітини – це “організаторська”. 3.Кожна жива істота має клітини мозку, клітини шлунка, клітини кісток та багато інших видів клітин. 4.Існує багато клітин всередині нас. 5.Різні організми мають різні типи клітин. 6.На землі є деякі живі організми, які не мають всіх основних складових (частин) клітини. 7.Наприклад, у бактерій відсутні ядерні оболонки, які утримують ДНК всередині. 8.Віруси не мають клітин. 9.Всі клітини, щоб вижити та існувати, потребують енергію. 10.Нервові клітини передають імпульси по тілу. 11.У шлунку людини є клітини, які абсорбують поживні речовини з їжі, яку вона споживає. 12.Деякі рослини беруть сонячну енергію і перетворюють її в цукор. 13.Якщо вилучити ядро із клітини, вона загине. 14. ДНК наказує клітині, що їй слід робити і якою їй слід бути. 15.Навколо ядра знаходиться мембрана (відмінна від мембрани клітини). 16.Науковці часто називають мембрану ядерним конвертом.

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X. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1.A very small, complex unit of protoplasm, usually with a nucleus, cytoplasm, and enclosing membrane is called “the cell”.

2.One of the main tasks of cells is to organize.

3.A man has brain cells, stomach сells, bone cells, and many other types of cells.

4.In the same way there are different kinds of cells inside every man.

5.It should be mentioned that different organisms have different types of cells.

6.There is so much variety in the world, and we are going to talk about the basic structures one might find in cells.

7.Nerve cells conduct electrical impulses through the body.

8.There are cells in man’s intestine that absorb nutrients from the food you eat.

9.Stomach cells secrete an acid to digest your food.

10.Pieces of protein and RNA can pass through tiny holes.

11.When the cell is going to divide, the chromatin becomes very compact, and it condenses.

12.If one sees a picture of a nucleus, he might see a small dark area inside the nucleus, almost like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus.

XI.Складіть речення.

XII. Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними.

Зразок:

1). A.Every living thing on Earth has cells. Do you agree with me?

B.Yes, that is right (you are quite right). Every living thing on Earth has cells. 2). A.Viruses have cells.

Do you agree with me?

B.No, you are wrong (that is wrong). Viruses do not have cells.

1.Cells don’t keep living things organized.

2.One of the main purposes of cells is to destroy.

3.Every cell has a specific job to do.

4.Viruses have brain cells, stomach sells, bone cells, and many other types of cells.

5.There are even some creatures on Earth that don’t have all of the basic parts of a cell, or even a

cell.

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6.Bacteria have nuclear membranes to hold their DNA inside.

7.Animal cells have neither chloroplasts nor cell walls.

8.All cells need energy to survive and live.

9.Nerve cells conduct nutrients through the body.

10.When the cell is going to divide, the chromatin becomes very compact, and it condenses.

XIII. Відкрийте дужки в реченнях, поставивши дієслова у потрібному часі.

1.Cells (to keep) living things organized. 2.One of the main purposes of cells (to be) to organize. 3.Every person (to have) brain cells, stomach сells, bone cells, and many other types of cells. 4.Different organisms (to have) different types of cells. 5.A cell (to be) a complex unit that (to consist) of protoplasm, usually with a nucleus, cytoplasm, and enclosing membrane. 6.We (to be going) to talk about the basic structures one might find in cells. 7.Nerve cells (to conduct) electrical impulses through the body. 8.Some plant cells (to have) an organelle called a CHLOROPLAST that (to take) energy from the sun and (to covert) it into sugars. 9.The NUCLEUS (to be) like the brain of the cell. 10. DNA (to tell) the cell what kind of proteins (to make) and the best things the cell should do (to survive). 11.The nuclear membrane (to hold) the nucleus together.12. Chromatin (to contain) DNA, RNA and proteins.

XIV. Ознайомтеся з таблицею. Складіть речення із такими словосполученнями: to read a newspaper,

to speak at the conference, to study English,

to listen to the music, to watch TV,

to go to the University.

Present Continuous Tense

Примітка: Запам’ятайте дієслова, які не вживаються в Continuous Tenses:want, like, love, hate, need, prefer, depend, know, mean, understand, believe, remember, forget.

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