Posibnik_-_2011

Fish inhabit more diverse habitats than any other group of vertebrates, ranging from Himalayan or Andean brooks at 4000 meters to abyssal depth at 10 kilometers. The range of temperatures can be also very large, from minus 2(!) Cº to up to plus 40 (!)Cº.

Fish are beautiful. They have beautiful colors and fascinating body shapes, one of the reasons why people keep them in aquaria.

Fish have a wide diversity of food and feeding habits. Thus fish range from feeding on microscopic phytoand zooplankton to engulfing entire adult fish, such as is done by whale sharks.

Fish produce a large number of small eggs which become a part of the plankton. There are many fish which give birth to their young.

Дайте відповіді на запитання

1.How do biologists usually define ichthyology?

2. What branch of zoology has a long documented history? 3.When and where did the first vertebrates evolve? 4.Were the first fish like modern fish?

5. How many species of fish exist in nature?

6.What do you know about body shapes and sizes of fish? 7. What is the maximum size of fish?

8.What organ has the highest energy and oxygen demand? 9.What tendency do tropical fish show?

10.Describe the reasons why people keep fish in aquaria. 11.What do you know about feeding habits of fish?

12. What do fish usually produce?

Define, range, temperature, body, smaller, fast, shape, wide, diversity, fascinating, shark, hatch, become, deal with, ancient, tendency, Romans, evolve, modern, reptile, diverse, highest, energy, oxygen, demand, occupy, tropical, show.

II. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях, використовуючи слова у дужках.

1.Ichthyology is usually … as “the study of fish” or “that branch of zoology dealing with fish”. 2.The … vertebrates evolved in the sea 480 million years ago.

3.… were around long before amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals. 4.The diversity of fish is larger than of … other vertebrate group. 5.The shapes of fish are also ... diverse.

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6.The brain is the organ with the highest … and oxygen demand.

7.Tropical fish show … to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counterparts.

8.Fish are beautiful. They have beautiful colors, … body shapes, one of the reasons why people keep them in aquaria.

(fish, fascinating, energy, defined, any, tendency, extremely, first)

III. Складіть речення.

IV. Відкрийте дужки і поставте дієслова у правильному часі.

1. Ichthyology (to have) a long documented history. 2. The first vertebrates (to evolve) in the sea 480 million years ago. 3. Fish (to be) around long before amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals, but they (to be) not like modern fish. 4. The shapes of fish (to be) also extremely diverse. 5. Tropical fish (to show) a tendency to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counter-parts. 6. Fish (to have) beautiful colors and fascinating body shapes. 7. Fish (to produce) a large number of small eggs. 8. We just (to receive) the latest biochemical magazine. Our students (to study ) it. 9. We (to be interested) in new methods of treatment both people and animal diseases. 10. This medicine (to be) of high quality. Our laboratory just (to start) producing it and we already (to receive) a lot of orders for this medicine.

V. Перекладіть слова в дужках, використовуючи слова (few або a few).

1.During our last practice we have discussed (декілька) business matters. 2. I have (мало) German books. 3. There are (мало) plants in my native city.4. I have written (декілька) letters to my former schoolmates. 5. My brother has read (мало) English books this year. 6. We have (декілька) foreign students in our college. 7. There were very (мало) people there. 8 Many students were invited but (декілька) came. 9. He has (мало) friends.

VI. Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними.

Зразок 1. А: Ichthyology is usually defined as “the study of mammals”.

Do you agree with me?

В: No, that’s wrong. Ichthyology is usually defined as “the study of fish”

Зразок 2. А: Ichthyology has a long documented history. Do you agree with me?

B: Yes, you are right. Ichthyology has a long documented history.

1.The first vertebrates evolved in the forests 480 million years ago.

2.The diversity of fish is smaller than for any other vertebrate group.

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3.The brain is the organ with the highest energy and oxygen demand.

4.Tropical fish show a tendency to be smaller and faster growing.

5.The shapes of fish are not diverse.

6.Fish have a wide diversity of food and feeding habits.

7.The maximum size of fish can range from one meter in Philippine gobies, to 13-15 centimeters in the Whale shark.

8.Fish are ugly. They never have beautiful colors or fascinating body shapes which is why people don’t like keep them in aquaria.

VII.Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1. Іхтіологію, зазвичай, визначають як “науку про риб” або “галузь зоології, яка вивчає риб”. 2. Іхтіологія має давню історію, яка нараховує тисячоліття. 3. Перші хребетні з’явились у морі 480 млн. років тому. 4. Перші риби існували задовго до амфібій, рептилій або пташок, але вони не були схожі на сучасних риб. 5. Різноманітність риб набагато більша, ніж будь-якої іншої групи хребетних. 6. У природі існує понад 25.000 видів риб. 7. Форми риб надзвичайно різноманітні. 8. Максимальний розмір риби може коливатися від одного сантиметра до 15 метрів. 9. Тропічні риби більше виявляють тенденцію до швидкого росту, ніж їх холодноводні “родичі”. 10. Риби виробляють велику кількість ікри, яка стає частиною планктону. 11. Риби мають гарний колір і привабливі форми тіла – це одна із причин того, чому ми тримаємо їх в акваріумі.

VIII.Замість крапок вставте модальні дієслова (must, may, can, could, need).

1.He … do it himself. 2.She … speak English. 3.She … attend lectures because she is ill. 4. … he come here? No, he … not come so early. 5. He … swim very well when he was young. 6. They … go there tomorrow. 7. You … take my dictionary. 8. … I come in? 9. He … know her address. 10. I don’t … your book any longer. 11. Does he … my help? 12. He … not find him there. 13. I … do it now. 14. You … consult your dean. 15. … I translate these documents? No, you … not. 16. … I smoke? No, you … not. 17. You look very tired. I think you … have a long rest.

IX. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Can they finish their work next month? 2. This work can be done. 3. This article can be translated. 4. These texts can be read. 5. This work can’t be done at once. 6. He could read Spanish books after he had studied Spanish for a year. 7. She could speak French when she was a girl. 8. We were able to translate the article without a dictionary. 9. My sister was able to do it without my help. 10. If he had tried, he could have done it. 11. If she had worked harder, he could have finished this work on time. 12. You could have asked him about it. 13. Why didn’t you do it? 14. They may come to Paris in the summer. 15. The documents may be received tomorrow. 16. This work must be done at once. 17. You have to go there. 18. Ann had to consult a doctor. 19. He must be working in the garden. 20. Our students must be in the library now. 21. Mr. Wales must be waiting for you in the conference room. 22. They must have forgotten their promise. 23. You need not hurry. 24. This work need not be done today. 25. We needed the dictionary badly. 26. I shall need your advice. 27. You should help him. 28. We should have helped them. 29. You shouldn’t have told her about it. 30. You should take better care of your health.

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X. Замість крапок вставте прийменники (in, at, on, within).

1. We had to come to the dean’s office … 12 o’clock. 2. He doesn’t like going out … night. 3. All over the world people have holidays …Christmas Day. 4. Will you be here … weekend? 5. Hurry up! The lecture begins ... a few minutes. 6. They got married ... last May. 7. We traveled overnight to Moscow and arrived … 5 o’clock … the morning. 8. It was quite a short article on ichthyology and I read it … a day. 9. Our winter semester often begins … January and ends sometimes … May. 10. I might not be at the college … Monday morning but I probably be there … the afternoon. 11. They always come … time. 12. Please, don’t be late. Be ... time. 13. Will you be … home … time for dinner? 14. You must hurry if you want to get to the station … time to catch the train. 15. There will be a meeting … the end of September.

XI. Перекажіть текст.

FISH

Ichthyology is usually defined as “the study of fish” or “that branch of zoology dealing with fish”, and has a long documented history, dating thousands of years back to the ancient Egyptians, Indians, Chinese, Greeks and Romans.

The first vertebrates evolved in the sea 480 million years ago. Thus, fish were around long before amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals, but they were not like modern fish.

The diversity of fish is larger than of any other vertebrate group. There are more than 25.000 species of fish. The maximum size of fish can range from one centimeter in Philippine gobies, to 13-15 meters in the whale shark.

Fish as well as other animals have evolved brain sizes that are neither too small nor too large respective to the niches they occupy in nature.

Tropical fish show a tendency to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counterparts.

Fish inhabit more diverse habitats than any other group of vertebrates, ranging from Himalayan or Andean brooks at 4000 meters to abyssal depth at 10 kilometers. The range of temperatures can be also very large, from minus 2(!) Cº to up to plus40 (!)Cº.

Fish are beautiful. They have beautiful colours and fascinating body shapes, one of the reasons why people keep them in aquaria.

Fish range from feeding on microscopic phytoand zooplankton to engulfing entire adult fish, such as is done by whale sharks.

Fish produce a large number of small eggs which become a part of the plankton. There are many fish, which give birth to their young.

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Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою.

MAMMALS

Like birds, mammals are warm-blooded. Mammals and birds are the only vertebrates that can survive in subzero temperatures. Of course, they can also survive in hot climates.

Some early mammals did lay eggs. Australia’s duck-billed platypus and echidnas still lay eggs. They are monotremes, but all other modern mammals bear live young.

All living mammals except monotremes have a placenta - a specialized embryonic organ that nourishes the young before they are born. The placenta is derived from the same membranes that surround embryo. Placentae are short-lived in marsupials, whose young are born at a much earlier stage of development than other mammals. Thus, all mammals except marsupials and monotremes are called placental mammals. This is confusing because marsupials are placental mammals too.

Mammal teeth are specialized. Sharks can have thousands of teeth. Some bony fishes, such as the barracuda, also have teeth. Crocodiles and snakes have teeth, as did many dinosaurs. However, aside from some of the bigger ones, all these teeth are the same. If you have seen one crocodile tooth, you have seen them all.

Mammals experimented with a variety of teeth—all in one mouth—and you're living proof that they succeeded! You have a regular toolkit in your mouth, with incisors (your front teeth) designed for taking a bite out of an apple, pointed canines that can still function as weapons, and molars well suited to chewing.

Some mammals have four separate stomach compartments. With the proper teeth, stomach, and intestines, various mammals can live on dry grasses, leaves, even bark. Mammals possess the biggest brains. Mammal IQs have so far peaked in marine mammals (notably whales) and primates, a group that includes humans.

Warm-blooded birds and mammals are the only vertebrates that inhabit the land areas of all continents. Some species are aquatic. Mammals and birds have even colonized remote oceanic islands that are not inhabited by reptiles or amphibians.

Mammals are perhaps the most versatile of vertebrates. Bats can fly, and the sperm whale can dive far deeper than most fish. Some mammals live underground. And some mammals are able to hibernate, a strategy that helps them survive long, cold winters.

Many mammals can be carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, glanders, rabies, toxoplasmosis, and others.

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Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1.Are mammals cold-blooded or warm-blooded animals?

2.What animals can survive in subzero temperatures and in hot climates?

3.Do mammals lay eggs?

4.What mammals still lay eggs?

5.What mammals have a placenta?

6.What is a placenta?

7.What mammals are called placental mammals?

8.What are mammal teeth?

9.What kind of brains do mammals possess?

10.What do birds and mammals inhabit?

11.What mammals can fly?

12.What animal can dive far deeper than most fishes?

13.Why do some animals hibernate?

14.Can mammals be carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases?

15.What diseases can be transmitted from animals to men?

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III. Підберіть до англійських словосполучень їх українські еквіваленти.

V. Згрупуйте подані нижче слова за частинами мови.

lay; nourish; anthrax; inhabit; zoonotic; disease; short-lived; include; brucellosis; dry; glanders; hibernate; rabies; derive; bat; boring; aquatic; versatile; carrier; remote; infection; embryonic; tuberculosis; warm-blooded; colonize; bony; toxoplasmosis; survive; confuse; dive

VI. Знайдіть об’єднуюче слово.

1.birds, mammals, warm-blooded.

2.sharks, barracudas, vertebrates, crocodiles, bats, whales.

3.Platypus, monotremes, echidna.

4.Carp, trout, fishes, shark, herring.

VII. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях.

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IX. Визначте:

1.Які тварини не належать до ссавців

(echidna, bat, whale, barracuda, primates, shark).

2.Які тварини не належать до риб

(crocodile, shark, barracuda, carp, dinosaur).

3.Які тварини належать до рептилій

(echidna, barracuda, shark, bat, snake).

4.Які тварини не належать до хребетних

(whale, bat, platypus, amoeba, shark, barracuda, infusorian). 5. Які терміни не належать до назв хвороб

(brucellosis, anthrax, marsupials, glanders, rabies, monotremes, toxoplasmosis).

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X. Вставте, де необхідно, частку to перед інфінітивом.

1.Mammals can… survive in subzero temperatures.

2.Mammals are able… survive in hot climates.

3.Sharks can … have thousands of teeth.

4.Various mammals are able … live on dry grasses, leaves, even bark.

5.Bats can … fly.

6.The sperm whale is able … dive far deeper than most fishes.

7.Some mammals are able … hibernate.

8.Many mammals can … be carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases

9.Bacteria may … cause severe outbreaks of tuberculosis.

10.The sheep have … be rounded up.

XI. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях. Визначте функції інфінітива. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1.… in subzero temperatures is very important. (to nourish, to bear, to survive, to possess)

2.… in subzero temperatures mammals possess warm blood. (to sleep, to dive, to help, to exist)

3.…on dry grasses, leaves and bark can various mammals with the proper teeth, stomach and intestines.

(to dive, to live, to bear, to fly)

4.Most mammals must have a placenta … live young.

(to nourish, to bear, to live, to fly)

5.Here are rabbits … young next month. (to hibernate, to inhabit, to bear, to exist)

6.Mammals possess warm blood … themselves survive long, cold winters. (to help, to inhabit, to have, to live, to produce).

7.Little action … a competent veterinary service was taken in the USA until 1850. (to provide, to live, to hear, to feed)

XII. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи відповідну форму інфінітива. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1.Only mammals and birds can (to survive) in subzero temperatures.

2.This platypus seems (to lay) eggs at the moment.

3.Mammals can (to survive) in hot climates.

4.Mammals seem (to inhabit) all continents already.

5.Many infectious diseases can (to be transmitted) by mammals.

6.Mammals can (to live on) plants.

7.This is the land (to inhabit) by reptiles and amphibians already.

8.The shepherds have (to round up and count the cattle).

9.Most birds have (to sit) on their eggs to hatch out their young.

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