Английский язык 3,5 года / Английский язык / Английский язык / D076 / el00_04
.htmТЕМА 4 Тема 4. ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT (The Present Perfect. The Past Perfect. The Present? Perfect Continuous.
1. The Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have (has в 3-м лице единственного числа) в форме настоящего времени и причастия 11 смыслового глагола.
Have\has\ + done
The Present Perfect употребляется:
· для описания действия, начавшегося в прошлом и завершившегося к настоящему моменту, результат которого очевиден.
He has just finished painting the living room. – Doesn’t it look great?
Oh no. I’ve lost my wallet. Has anyone seen it?
· для описания действия, которое имело место в прошлом, без уточнения конкретного момента его совершения.
I have been to Morocco. (but I haven’t said when)
Have you ever seen an alligator in the wild?
· для описания действия, начавшегося в прошлом и продолжающегося по настоящий момент.
She has been a doctor for five years. (she is still a doctor)
Kate has known John since 1999.
· в придаточном предложении, если в главном присутствует прилагательное в превосходной степени.
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
· в предложении, которое начинается словами “This is the first time…..”
This is\It’s| the first time I’ve visited Europe
Time expressions we use with the present perfect:
for, since, already, just, ever, never, so far, today, this week\month, etc., how long, lately, recently, still (in negations), etc..
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски в предложениях сказуемым в форме Present Perfect. Воспользуйтесь глаголами в скобках.
1. I ___ my driving test. (pass)
2. She still ___ my letter. (not\answer)
3. I saw her in May, but ___ her since. (not\see)
4. I ___ never ___ papaya before. (taste).
5. This is the worst storm I ___ ever ___ (see)
Упражнение 2. Воспользуйтесь приведенными ниже парами предложений в качестве примера. Заполните пропуски во втором предложении с использованием слова, выделенного курсивом.
I have never travelled by plane before. It’s the first time I have travelled by plane.
It’s a long time since we went on holidays. We haven’t been on holiday for a long time.
When\How long ago did she leave for Moscow? How long is it since she left for Moscow?
The last time I went to Spain was last summer. I haven’t been to Spain since last summer.
James last went to Munich three years ago. James hasn’t been ti Munich for three years.
1.The last time we went fishing was last summer. have We ___ last summer.
2. She has never eaten Chinese food before. time It’s the ___ Chinese food.
3. When did he go to Naples? since How long ___ to Naples?
4. It’s a long time since we ate out. eaten We ___ a long time
5. He last went to Delhi five years ago. for He has ___ five years.
2. The Past Perfect («предпрошедшее» время) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме прошедшего времени had и причастия 1 смыслового глагола:
had + done
The Past Perfect употребляется:
· для выражения прошедшего действия, которое совершилось ранее определенного момента в прошлом.
She had cooked dinner by six o’clock (before a stated time)
· для указания на то, что действие придаточного предложения совершилось до наступления действия главного предложения.
They had tidied their room by the time their parents arrived.
· для выражения прошедшего действия, результат которого очевиден на указанный момент в прошлом.
Frank had washed the car, so the ground around it was wet.
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в предложениях сказуемым в форме Past Perfect (глаголы указаны в скобках).
1. He felt much happier when he ___ a new job. (find)
2. I ___ already ___ (see) this film so I didn’t want to see it again.
3. She couldn’t get into her flat because she ___ her key. (lose)
4. By the end of the week he ___ the whole house. (paint)
5. After she ___ her exams, Donna went to Spain. (pass)
6. John was astonished that his interview ___ two hours. (last)
3. The Present Perfect Progressive ( have\has\ + been + verb +ing) употребляется:
· для описания длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в настоящий момент или закончилось непосредственно перед моментом речи.
He has been writing letters for two hours.
She has been working for this company since 2001.
· для описания действия, продолжавшегося некоторое время в прошлом, и результат которого очевиден на настоящий момент.
They have been training for weeks and are extremely fit.
В отличие от Present Perfect, Present Perfect Progressive подчеркивает длительность протекания действия.
TEXT A. Прочтите текст, обращая внимания на выделенные слова. Придумайте собственные предложения с использованием этих слов.
MARKETING
Marketing is the process of planning, designing, pricing, promoting and distributing ideas, goods and services, in order to satisfy customer needs, so as to make a profit.
Companies point out how the special characteristics or features of their products and services possess particular benefits that satisfy the needs of the people who buy them.
Non-profit organizations have other, social, goals, such as persuading people not to smoke, or to give money to people in poor countries, but these organizations also use the techniques of marketing.
In some places, even the organizations such as government departments are starting to talk about, or at least think about their activities in terms of the marketing concept.
TEXT B. Прочтите текст и ответьте на данные ниже вопросы.
THE FOUR P’s
The four P’s are
product: deciding what to sell
price: deciding what prices to charge
place: deciding how it will be distributed and where people will buy it
promotion: deciding how the product will be supported with advertising, special activities, etc.
A fifth P which is sometimes added is packaging; all the materials used to protect and present a product before it is sold.
The four P’s are a useful summary of the marketing mix, the activities that you have to combine successfully in order to sell.
To market a product is to make a plan based on this combination and put it into action. A marketer or marketers is someone who works in this area.
Вопросы к тексту:
1. Can a poor product be made successful by clever marketing techniques?
2. Can you think of any example?
TEXT C. Прочтите текст и ответьте на данные ниже вопросы
The Role of Marketing in Modern Business
Marketing is two things. First, it is a strategy and a set of techniques to sell an organization’s products or services. This involves choosing target customers and designing a persuasive marketing mix to get them to buy. The mix may include a range of brands, tempting prices, convenient sales outlets and a battery of advertising and promotions. This concept of marketing as selling and persuasion is by far the most popular idea among both managers and the public.
The second, and by far the more important concept of marketing, focuses on improving the reality of what is an offer. It is based on understanding customers’ needs and developing new solutions which are better than those currently available. Doing this is not a marketing department problem, but one which involves the whole organization.
For example, for Rover to beat Mercedes for the consumer’s choice involves engineering new models, developing efficient manufacturing processes, and restructuring its dealer network.
Creating company-wide focus on the customer requires the continual acquisition of new skills and technology. Marketing is rarely effective as a business function. As the chief executive of Hewlett Packard put it; “Marketing is too important to leave to the marketing department.”
Вопросы к тексту:
1. Which of the four P’s are mentioned here?
2. Does the author think the four P’s are a complete definition of marketing?
3. Does the author think that marketing is only for marketers?
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