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ТЕМА 5    

ТЕМА 5. The Simple Past. The Past Progressive.  

1. The Simple Past

·        Служит для выражения действия в прошлом. Это время употребляется для описания событий, имевших место в определенный период времени, который указан или подразумевается в высказывании:

I saw her yesterday. \\ George arrived in Tokyo last week.

·        Simple Past употребляется также для выражения ряда действий в прошлом, передаваемых в той последовательности, в которой они происходили:

I finished my homework and sat down to watch TV.

He got out of bed, went to the kitchen and turned on the coffee machine.

Simple Past правильных (regular) глаголов образуется путем прибавления во всех лицах окончания -ed к форме инфинитива; неправильные (irregular) глаголы образуют формы прошедшего времени различными способами. Эти формы обычно приводятся в таблице и их следует заучить.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы Simple Past образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени - did, did not для всех лиц и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to. В разговорной речи употребляется сокращенная форма didn¢t.

В предложении Simple Past часто сопутствуют наречия определенного времени:

Yesterday, last week, an hour ago, two days ago, on Monday, in June, in 1999 и др.

 

Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски в предложениях глаголами в Past Simple.

1. She is very good at figures. She ___ first in math's at school.

2. I have the same car I ___ two years ago.

3. Where did you eat last night? – We ___ at a restaurant.

4. We always meet on Sunday. We ___ last Sunday as usual.

5. I often see Mary. I ___ her again only yesterday.

 

Упражнение 2. Сформулируйте вопросы и ответы на них, используя данные слова.

Who / you see / at the meeting? /           Who did you see at the meeting?

I see / Jack / not Amy. /            I saw Jack, but I didn't see Amy.

Where/you go/in England?/ ____________

We go/London/not Oxford./ ____________

What plays / they see / at Stratford? / __________

They see/ Hamlet/ not Julius Caesar. /____________

Angelo/buy some records/in London?/ ___________

He buy / some clothes / not any records. / _________

You enjoy/your holiday? / ____________

I enjoy/the holiday/not the food. / ____________

 

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски глаголами в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

Examples:

I started (start) working here last week.

I have enjoyed (enjoy) meeting you all today.

 

1.         He ______________________ (pass) his exams last June.

2.         She _____________________ (meet her friend on Tuesday.

3.         He _____________________ (learn) to type when he was at school.

4.         She ____________________ (be) busy all this week.

5.         Someone ________________ (phone) you a few minutes ago.

6.         He _____________________ (work) hard this term.

7.         There __________________ (be) a lot of work to do recently/

8.         I ______________________ (have) any training in the word processor.

9.         The twentieth century __________________ (see) many technological advances.

10.       Computers _______________________ (become) more important during the nineteen eighties.

 

2. The Past Progressive (Past Continuous). Прошедшее продолженное время

Выражает незаконченное действие в процессе его совершения в определенный момент или указанный период прошлого. Оно образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме прошедшего времени was, were и формы причастия I смыслового глагола. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол стоит перед подлежащим, в отрицательной отрицание ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

 

WAS (единственное число)

+ doing

WERE (множественное число)

 

He was living abroad in 1995.

When I was leaiving, the phone rang.

While I was reading, my sister was playing the piano.

When I worked here, I was always making mistakes.

Were you still working when I left?

I wasn't listening, so I missed what he said.

 

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски глаголами в форме Past Continuous.

1.      __________________ television all evening? (you watch).

2.      It __________________ hard all day. (rain).

3.      This time last year she ____________________ for her FCE exam. (prepare).

4.      He _____________________all weekend/ (garden).

5.      Just as I _________________ to an interesting part of the story, the doorbell rang. (get)

6.      All the employees at the Acme Insurance Company ____________________ about their plans for the weekend.

 

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски глаголами в нужном времени: Past Continuous или Past Simple.

1.      ___ television when I phoned you? (you watch).

2.      We ___ out because it ___ (not/go; rain).

3.      I ___ the car while I___ to park it (damage; try).

4.      Tom ___ a photograph of me while I ___ (take; not/look).

5.      Someone ___ with my clothes, while I ___ (run off; swim).

6.      George ___ the ladder while he ___ the ceiling. (fall off; paint).

7.      We ___ finance when my brother ___ (discuss; come)

8.      Jim ___ to find a place of his own because he ___ to feel independent. (try; want).

9.      I couldn't answer the phone when it rang because I ___ (have a bath).

10.  I ___ at the bus stop when the accident ___ (stand; happen).

11.  He ___ the book and ___ to read. (open; start).

12.  Nick ___ his finger when he ___ onions. (cut; peel).

 

TEXT A. Прочтите текст, сделайте письменный перевод.

Work and Wages.

Let us assume that the Russian has acquired a job - in a small business, in a big industry, in an office... an employee in Britain. He will probably have a for­mal contract and a period of probation, maybe four or six months. At the end of that time, he will have to face his superiors and dis­cuss his work with them. In more responsible jobs, higher up the hierarchy, job analysis is a crucial factor in the process of employ­ment and promotion. Employees are expected to analyse what they are doing, what they hope to do, what they expect to achieve.

Attitudes to other workers, superiors, life outside work, and commitment are considered.

Work is an essential eco­nomic activity. Of course, it must be analysed.

But our Russian visitor is a beginner. He is interested in his wages, and the first thing he learns is the phrase, "Take-home pay". Officially, he earns an annual salary, divided into weekly or monthly portions. But it doesn't look like that when he gets his wage slip. He has to pay income tax (currently at 25%); he has to pay National Insurance (officially, a standard contribution towards the health service, unemployment benefit and other social insurances).

All this money is removed before he gets a look at it. The rest is probably paid directly into his bank account, from which he cannot remove it for four or five days.

For his room, he must pay a large rent - maybe one third of what he earns, and after that he has to pay 'bills' for electricity, gas, use of phone, and maybe local taxes. He buys a season ticket in order to travel to work more cheaply.

We have the concept of 'disposable' income: that is, the money left for spending after taxes, insurance, rent and 'bills' and travel have been paid for.

 

Примечание:

wage                 wages  salary

- My salary is paid on the 28th of the month. (Not *wage* *wages*)

(a salary is paid monthly)

- Women often get paid a low wage/low wages, especially for part-time work. (a wage or wages are paid daily or weekly)

- When I worked as a waitress, the wages were low but the tips were good. (preferable to the wage was low; we generally use wages in front of a verb).

 

Запомните следующие слова:

рrobation, n. – испытательный срок

crucial adj. – самый важный

commitment n. – ответственное отношение

wage slip – расчетный листок

season ticket – проездная карточка.

 

Упражнение 6. Из двух предложенных вариантов выберите соответствующий контексту.

 

Father fires son for 10 years of laziness. A businessman sacked his son because he was lazy, incompetent and (1)(dishonest)/dishonesty. Stuart Bidwell, 26, was handed dozens of (2) undisciplined/disciplinary letters about his work during his ten years with the firm. Manager and father Stephen Bidwell said: 'He got (3) numerate/numerous warnings and was just no good. He didn't really have the right (4) qualifications/disqualified for the job anyway. We only gave him the job because he was family and we didn't want him to be (5) unemployed/unemployment. The final straw came when Stuart was caught making long-distance phone calls to his girl-friend in Australia during office hours. Apparently Stuart was finally asked to hand in his (6) resigned/resignation but he refused, so he was sacked. Stuart Bidwell told the court that he had been (7) unfairly/unfairness dismissed. Stuart said he had worked for his father's company since leaving school at 16 and that he had only ever had two warning letters. Stuart's father has already put an (8) advertisement/advertising in the local paper for a replacement and says that they have already had over 100 (9) applicants/applications through the post. The case continues. Honest 1. open and direct: To be quite honest with you, I don't think you'll pass. 2 not likely to lie, steal, or cheat: An honest employee is a rare thing. 3 truthful and sincere: an honest face | an honest opinion – opposite dishonest.

 

Упражнение 7. Дайте ответы на приведенные ниже вопросы:

1.      What do you think is good salary or wage in your country? How much would you like to earn?

2.      Do you think people should get paid a bonus for especially good work?

3.      Think of the job you do at the moment or that you would like to do in the future. What skills and/or qualifications do you need to do it?

4.      Is it common or unusual for employees to go on strike in your country. Do you have trade umons?

5.      What help do people get from the government if they are unemployed in your country?

6.      At what age do men and women usually retire in your country? Do you think this is early, late or about right?

7.      Do you have a bank account? Do you get interest?

8.      How do you feel about borrowing money? Would you worry about being in debt?

9.      Do you usually know now much you have in your purse/wallet?

10.  What do you enjoy spending money on?

11.  Do you feel guilty when you spend a lot of money?

12.  Are you cautious with money or do you tend to spend it when you have it?

TEXT B. Прочтите текст, переведите его. Выполните приведенные ниже упражнения, опираясь на текст.

PUBLIC FINANCE

The government collects money from citizens through taxes. Income tax is the tax collected on wages and salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on what people inherit from others. Customs or excise duties have to be paid on goods imported from other countries. VAT or value added tax is a tax paid on most goods and services when they are bought or purchased. Companies pay corporation tax on their profits..

The government also sometimes pays out money to people in need, e.g. unemployment benefit , disability allowances and student grants (to help pay for studying). Recipients draw a pension / unemployment benefit or are  on social security.

Every country has its own special currency. Every day the rates of exchange are published and you can discover, for example, how many dollars there are currently to the pound sterling.

A company may sell shares to members of the public who are then said to have invested in that company. They should be paid a regular dividend on their investment, depending on the profit or loss made by the company.

 

Упражнение 8. Подберите соответствующие объяснения словам в левой колонке.

1. interest                                             a bank account with minus money in it

2. mortgage                                          money paid towards the cost of raising a family

3. an overdrawn account                       money given by the government for education, welfare, etc.

4. savings account                                 an account that is used mainly for keeping money

5. current account                                 money paid to people after a certain age

6. pension                                             an account that cheques are drawn on for day-to-day use

7. disability allowance                           money chargeable on a loan

8. child benefit                                      money paid to people with a handicap

9. grant                                                 a loan to purchase property

 

Вопросы к тексту:

1.      What is income tax?

2.      What is inheritance tax?

3.      What is VAT?

4.      How does the government support its people in need?

5.      What is currency?

6.      What is share?

7.      What is dividend?

 

Запомните эти слова:

inheritance tax – налог на наследство

customs or excise duties – таможенные пошлины (сборы); таможенные и акцизные пошлины

VAT – value added tax – corporation tax – налог на добавленную стоимость

unemployment benefit – пособие по безработице

disability allowance – пособие по инвалидности

currency – валюта

rate of exchange – обменный курс

e.g. – лат. exempli gratia – например (англ. for example)

 

TEXT C. Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения

 

Mr. Smith lived in the country, but he worked in an office in the big city, so five days a week he went to work by train every morning and came home the same way.

One morning he was reading his newspaper on the train when a man sitting behind him, who Mr. Smith had never met before, leaned forward, tapped him on the shoulder and spoke to him. The man said, "You're not leading a very interesting life, are you? You get on the same train at the same station at the same time every morning, and you always sit in the same seat and read the same newspaper."

Mr. Smith put his paper down, turned around, and said to the man angrily, "How do you know all that about me?"

"Because I'm always sitting in this seat behind you," the man answered.

 

Упражнение 9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. How did Mr. Smith go to and from his office every day?

2. What happened to him on the train one morning?

3. What was he doing when this happened?

4. What did the man say to Mr. Smith?

5. What did Mr. Smith ask the man?

6. Why did the man know so much about him?

 

Таблица неправильных глаголов

 

Соседние файлы в папке D076