Английский язык 3,5 года / Английский язык / Английский язык / D076 / el00_03

ТЕМА 3   ТЕМА 3. НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ПРОСТОЕ, НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ. SIMPLE PRESENT. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.  

1. Simple present.

Употребляется:

1) когда речь идет об общеизвестных фактах, «вечных истинах»

Summer follows spring. Water freezes at 0 C.

2) когда действие относится к настоящему без уточнения характера протекания его во времени.

My uncle works in a bank.

3) когда действие носит регулярный, повторяющийся характер:

In summer I usually play tennis once a week

She always takes the bus to school.

4) когда речь идет о действии, запланированном на будущее:

The concert begins at 7.30 next Saturday.

Time expressions we use with the present simple: usually, often, always, every day\week\month\year, etc., in the morning\afternoon\evening, at night\the weekend, on Mondays, etc.

Формы глагола в Simple Present совпадают с инфинитивом без частицы to для всех лиц, кроме 3-го лица единственного числа, где добавляется окончание (e)s:

I get up at 7.     Peter gets up at 7.

В вопросительной форме перед подлежащим ставится вспомогательный глагол do, (в 3-м лице единственного числа does), а в отрицательной форме do(does)+not (в разговорной речи don’t, doesn’t) предшествует глаголу в неопределенной форме.

I don’t get up at 7.        Do you get up at 7?

Peter doesn’t get up at 7.          Does Peter get up at 7?

2. Present Progressive.

Образуется при помощи глагола to be в форме настоящего времени и причастия 1. Причастие 1 образуется путем прибавления окончания - ing  к основе глагола.

Am\is\are + doing

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол стоит перед подлежащим, а в отрицательной отрицание not стоит перед причастием 1.

В настоящее время в Progressive употребляются практически все глаголы, за исключением contain, possess, prefer, suppose и модальных глаголов.

Present Progressive употребляется:

·        для обозначения незаконченного действия, совершающегося в момент речи

He is working at the moment.

·        для обозначения незаконченного действия, совершающегося в настоящее время:

My sister is studying English at St.Petersburgh University.

·        для обозначения действий, запланированных на будущее:

We are going to the opera next Saturday.

·        для описания действий, указывающих на изменения, происходящие в настоящее время:

The hole in the ozone layer is becoming bigger and bigger.

·        для описания действий, неоднократно повторяющихся в настоящем с наречиями: always, constantly, continuously, etc. с оттенком раздражения, досады, гнева.

You are always criticizing the way I speak.

He is always grumbling.

Time expressions we use with the present progressive:

now, at the moment, at present, these days, still, nowadays, today, tonight, etc.

Упражнение 1. Выберите правильный вариант из двух предложенных.

1. Michael works\is working  as a costume designer for the local theatre company.

2. Computec holds\is holding a five-day seminar on computers for all its employees next week.

3. Lauren doesn’t\isn’t leaving her house before 9 o’clock in the morning.

4. No wonder the phone bills are so high! You always talk\are always talking on the phone!

5. The rate of unemployment is decreasing\decreases slowly.

6. Bill and Rob repair\are repairing the cottage at the moment.

7. Do bats live\ Are bats living in caves?

8. Chris and Helen are having\have a party on Sunday afternoon.

9. They prefer\are prefering to go on holiday in spring when the resorts are less overcrowded.

10. Sheila plays\is playing tennis three days a week.

11. My mother listens\is listening her favourite radio programme right now.

12. Water boils\is boiling  at 100 C.

TEXT A. Прочтите текст, переведите его.

Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics

Economists have two ways of looking at economics and the economy. One is the macro approach, and the other is the micro. Microeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole; microeconomics is the study of individual consumers and the business firm.

Macroeconomics examines issues such as how fast the economy is running: how much overall output is being generated; how much total income. It also seeks solutions to macroeconomic problems such as how employment can be increased, and what can be done to increase the output of goods and services.

Microeconomics examines cause-and-effect relationships that influence choices of individuals, business firms and society. It is concerned with things such as scarcity, choice and opportunity costs, and with production and consumption. Principal emphasis is given to the study of prices and their role in the economy.

Factors of Production. The resources that go into the creation of goods and services are called the factors of production. The factors of production include natural resources, capital and  entrepreneurship. Each factor of production has a place in economic system, and each has a particular function.

Natural Resources or “Land”. Natural resources are the things provided by nature that go into the creation of goods and services. They include such things as mineral, wildlife and timber resources. Our country has been especially rich in natural resources.

Human Resources or “Labour”. Economists call the physical and mental effort that people put into the creation of goods and services labour.

Capital. To the economist capital is something created by people to produce other goods and services. A factory, tools and machines are capital resources because they can be used to produce other goods and services. The term capital is often used to refer to money they can use to buy factories, machinery and similar productive resources.

Entrepreneurship. Closely connected with labour is the concept of entrepreneurship, the managerial or organizational skills needed to produce goods and services. The entrepreneur brings together the other three factors of production. When they are successful, entrepreneurs earn profits. When they are not successful, they suffer losses.

The central problem of economics is to determine the most efficient ways to allocate the factors of production and solve the problem of scarcity created by society’s unlimited wants and the limited resources.

TEXT B. Прочтите текст и выполните упражнения, данные ниже.

MONEY

Money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value and for storing wealth.

Almost every society now has a money economy based on coins and paper notes of one kind or another. However, this has not always been true. In primitive societies a system of barter was used. Barter was a system of direct exchange of goods. Somebody could exchange a sheep, for example, for anything in the market-place that they considered to be of equal value. Barter, however, was a very unsatisfactory system because people's needs seldom coincided. People needed a more practical system of exchange, and various money systems developed based on goods, which the members of a society recognized as having value. Cattle, grain, teeth, shells, feathers, skulls, salt, elephant tusks have all been use. Precious metals gradually took over because when made into coins, they were portable, durable, recognizable and divisible into larger and smaller units of value.

A coin is a piece of metal, usually disc-shaped, which bears lettering, designs or numbers showing its value. Until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries coins were given monetary worth based on the exact amount of metal contained in them, but most modern coins are based on face value, the value that governments choose to give them, irrespective of the actual metal content. Coins have been made of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, lead, zinc, plastic and in China even from pressed tea leaves. Most governments now issue paper money in the form of noted. Paper money is obviously easier to handle and much more convenient in the modern world. Cheques, bankers’ cards and credit cards are being used increasingly and it is possible to imagine a world where “money” in the form of coins and paper currency will no longer be used.

Упражнение. Найдите в тексте слова со значением:  

can be divided;  lasts a long time;  can be carried;  can be recognized.

Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски в предложениях следующими словами: cash\currency\money

1. The ___ of Japan is the yen.

2. She has got a lot of ___ in her bank account.

3. It costs $10 if you’re paying ___.

TEXT C. Прочтите текст и выполните упражнения, приведенные ниже.

The Small Business

Many of the larger businesses in the UK are public limited companies which means the. The public is able to buy and sell their shares on the Stock Exchange. Such companies have; the letters plc after their name, and examples include Marks and Spencer, Guinness and National Westminster Bank. However, since the minimum share capital for a public limited company is £50,000, this makes it an unsuitable choice for small businesses, which are more likely to take one of the following forms:

Sole Trader or Sole Proprietor

This is the simplest way of starting a business. You are self-employed and entirely responsible for all aspects of running your own business. This is especially suitable for small retail businesses.

Partnership

When two or more people want to start a business, together they can set up a partnership and agree on how the business will be operated. All partners are responsible for the debts of partnership and profits and losses are shared between them.

Private Limited Company

A company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders. In order to establish such a company, specific administrative procedures must be followed. For example, the shareholders must appoint a director and a company secretary. If the company goes out of business the responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the amount of money that they have contributed.

Упражнение 3. Выберите правильный вариант из двух предложенных:

a.       PLC stands for

(a) private limited company                                  (b) public limited company.

b.      Shareholders are people who

(a) work for the company                                     (b) own part of the company.

c.       Most people invest in public limited companies because

(a) they work for the company                 (b) they want to make money.

d.      To make a profit is

(a) to earn money                                                 (b) to pay out money.

e.       If you save money in a bank deposit account

(a) the bank pays you interest                   (b) you pay the bank interest.

f.        The money you make from owning shares is called

(a) a dividend                                                       (b) interest.

g.       If you have a controlling interest in a company, you own

(a) less than 50% of the shares                 (b) more than half the shares.

Таблица неправильных глаголов