Проминская.Английский

UNIT XI. HISTORY OF LIBRARIANSHIP

“The library is the memory of mankind”. Bernard Shaw

Language focus:

I. Make sure you know the following words:

1.to be certain – быть уверенным;

2.to originate – происходить, возникать;

3.to involve – включать в себя, содержать;

4.saying – изречение;

5.priest – жрец/священник;

6.scroll – свиток; манускрипт;

7.parchment – пергамент;

8.to be employed – быть нанятым на работу;

9.to be arranged – быть расположенными;

10.identification tag – идентификационная карточка;

11.to house – вмещать, размещать;

12.scholar – учѐный;

13.subject catalogue – предметный каталог;

14.to contain – содержать в себе;

15.to be subdivided into – подразделяться на;

16.to take on the role – брать на себя функции/роль;

17.to lend out – давать в пользование;

18.to appear – появляться;

19.flourishing – процветание.

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Vocabulary work:

I. Find words from above which have similar meanings to these definitions:

a)a learned person;

b)a manuscript;

c)a roll of paper usually inscribed with writing;

d)a proverb;

e)a mediator between God and man

II. Translate the following word-combinations into English:

to originate an idea, to originate trouble, to originate from noble family, origin of pizza, of British origin; to contain the list of useful addresses; to contain information, to contain toxic waste;

to be employed in the international company, to be successfully employed; to be subdivided into 4 equal parts; flourishing of the commerce, flourishing of the economy; card catalogue, union catalogue; to lend out books, to lend out money, to lend out lands;

to take on the role of judge, to take on the role of leader; to appear about 400 000 years ago, to appear on TV; productive scholar, the greatest scholar of the present time, the prominent scholar; ancient parchment, the parchment made from calfskin, parchment for calligraphy;

high priest; to become priest, Catholic priest; to involve a necessary detail; to be certain in the future, to be certain in the UFO existence; a wise saying; an important sacred scroll; to get an identification tag; to house an extensive library.

III. Say in English:

1.Виноград содержит 90% влаги, а изюм (raisins) – 5 %.

2.Он даст мне в пользование свою машину на 4 дня.

3.Этот кот совершенно уверен, что он хозяин дома.

4.Новый стадион в Петербурге будет вмещать 69 тысяч зри-

телей.

5.Существует 2 способа получить свиток перемен в этом

квесте.

6.Почему клавиши (keys) на клавиатуре расположены не в алфавитном порядке?

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Reading:

I. Read and discuss the text:

TEXT I. EARLY HISTORY OF LIBRARIANSHIP

A library begins from books. Nobody can be certain where books originated. Bookmaking was an art which involved techniques from many cultures and civilizations.

The craft of bookmaking probably originated in India, where religious sayings were copied on palm leaves with a metal stylus. Similar techniques can also be found in ancient Egypt where priests wrote the texts on scrolls and books of papyrus. Writers in the Roman culture wrote court records and notes on wax tablets, and important documents were written on papyrus or parchment.

The first individual in history to introduce librarianship as a profession was the King of Assyria who in the 8th century BC created a library at his palace in Ninevah in Mesopotamia. The King‘s library had a "keeper of the books" who was employed to oversee the thousands of tablets on Sumerian and Babylonian materials, including literary and history texts, astronomical calculations, mathematical tables, grammatical and linguistic tables, commercial and law records. All of these tablets were catalogued and arranged in logical order by subject or type, each having an identification tag.

The Great Library of Alexandria, created by Ptolemy I in 323 BC, was created to house the Greek literature. It was notable for its famous librarians: Demetrius, Aristarchus, and Callimachus. These scholars contributed much to the collection and cataloguing of the wide variety of scrolls in the library of Alexandria. Callimachus created what is considered to be the first subject catalogue of the library, called the pinakes which contained 120 scrolls arranged into ten subject classes. Each class was then subdivided listing authors in alphabetical order.

In Roman Empire, empires and Roman aristocrats had private libraries in their homes. Many of these aristocrats collected scrolls just for themselves. Others took on the role of librarians and lent out scrolls to those who had no opportunity to have their own collections.

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In the Middle Ages most libraries concentrated in the monasteries, so the monks became the keepers of books. Monks kept and passed on knowledge, wrote and rewrote books.

In the Renaissance two major European libraries were created – Medici Library and the Vatican Library. They had an extensive collection of ancient manuscripts, printed books and writings of ancient authors. At this time the royal and university libraries appeared and the profession of librarian became more respected.

Next era saw the flourishing of libraries. Libraries of Europe and America started to work in collaboration and as a result the international exchange of knowledge became possible.

II. Find English equivalents to the following words:

создание книг; цивилизация; искусство/ремесло; размножать/копировать; пальмовые листья; похожая техника; материалы судебного заседания; восковые таблички; до нашей эры; следить/контролировать; коммерческие и юридические документы; в логическом порядке; быть известным/славиться; накопление и каталогизация; в алфавитном порядке; частные библиотеки; собственные коллекции; хранить и передавать знания; переписывать книги; королевские библиотеки; почетный; сотрудничество; обмен знаниями.

III. Say true or false:

1)A library begins from books.

2)Books originated on the 5th of November in 43 BC.

3)Many cultures and civilizations had the techniques of bookmaking.

4)The craft of bookmaking originated in India where religious sayings were copied on the wooden tablets with metal stylus.

5)In ancient Egypt priests wrote the texts on books of papyrus.

6)In the Roman culture writers wrote court records and notes on papyrus or parchment, and important documents were written on wax tablets.

7)The King of Assyria is considered to be the first in history who created a library.

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8)The first library had tablets on Sumerian and Babylonian materials, literary and history texts, astronomical calculations and commercial records.

9)The Great Library of Alexandria housed the Greek literature and was notable for its librarians who contributed much to the collection and cataloguing of the wide variety of scrolls.

10)In Roman Empire those who had no opportunity to have their own collections could borrow scrolls from private libraries of aristocracy.

11)In the Middle Ages monks took on the role of librarians. 12)First libraries in Europe were built in Italy.

IV. Make questions to these answers:

1)in Ninevah in Mesopotamia.

2)in 323 BC.

3)120 scrolls.

4)Demetrius, Aristarchus, and Callimachus.

5)Medici Library and the Vatican Library.

By the way:

In the medieval Europe, books in public libraries were chained to the shelves. The chains were long enough for taking the book from the shelf, but readers couldn‘t carry it out from the library. This practice has been common until the 18th century because of the great value of each copy.

Speaking:

I. Answer the questions:

1.In what civilizations did the craft of bookmaking originate?

2.Who introduced the librarianship as a profession?

3.What did the first keeper of the books do?

4.What was the arrangement of material in the first library?

5.What do you known about the first Creek Library?

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6.What contribution did the librarian Callimachus make for the development of the librarianship?

7.Who could take a role of a librarian in the Roman Emire?

8.Why did monks become the keepers of books in the Middle

Ages?

9.How did the librarianship develop in the Renaissance?

10.What was the result of American and European libraries‘ collaboration?

11.The text is about the past of the libraries. What do you think libraries will be like 50 years from now?

Writing:

I. Make the following tasks to the text:

a)translate the part № 1/№ 2/№ 3;

b)find in the text the following word-combinations:

упоминание, монастырские библиотеки, бережно хранить, со-

хранять письменную культуру, многочисленные библиотеки, военное дело, развитие библиотечного дела, пополнять коллекцию, блестящее образование, типография, распространение книг, спрос на библиотекарей, научные журналы, единообразие, испытывать кризис, отставать от мировых библиотек, цензура, упадок, свободный доступ.

c) answer the following questions:

-What important event in the history of Russian librarianship happened in 1037?

-Who took care about the first collections of books?

-Knowledge of what sciences were compulsory for scribes in the 13th century?

-How did Peter‘s reforms contribute to the development of Russian librarianship?

-What caused the spread of libraries in in 19th century?

-What happened to libraries and librarians after the revolution in

1917?

-What happened to libraries and librarians after the Great Patriotic

War?

-What happened to libraries and librarians in 1990s?

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TEXT II. HISTORY OF LIBRARIANSHIP IN RUSSIA

1.The first mention of librarianship in Russia refers to 1037, when Yaroslav the Wise gathered writers for translation Greek books and rewriting Slavic books. Later Yaroslav commanded to keep this collection of books in Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev.

Like in Europe in Russia libraries were also concentrated in the monasteries. Monasterial libraries kept religious books, books on grammar, logic, poetics, astronomy, geography and philosophy. The librarians-monks carefully kept the collections and tried to preserve the

Russian written culture for ages.

With the development of the Russian state in the 13th century numerous libraries appeared. The scribes who worked in the libraries had to be experts in foreign languages and Latin, military skill, architecture, astronomy, mathematics, geography and other sciences.

2.The government reforms of Peter I contributed much to the development of Russian librarianship. In 1714 the first state library in Russia were established in Saint-Petersburg. The golden age of librarians began. They supplemented collections, bought and exchanged books, communicated with foreign scientific institutions and translated Greek and Latin books into Russian. These activities required brilliant education and high level of culture. The profession became more pres-

tigious and paid.

Rise of printing houses in 19th century contributed much to the spread of books and libraries. Opening of numerous University libraries caused the demand of library workers. Many famous people worked as librarians then – I. A. Krylov, N. I. Lobachevsky, V. F. Odoevsky and others. Major libraries began to publish scholarly journals and librarians became publishers and journalists.

3.In the beginning of the 20th century there was a variety of libraries in Russia, but there was no general system for them. The reform in librarianship was about to happen, but in 1917 the revolution broke out. Many libraries were destroyed and plundered and many librarians emigrated or were killed. The Soviet rule enforced the uniformity in the system of librarianship. The library became an important social institute opened to the masses. Librarians were specially trained in institutions of higher education.

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After the Great Patriotic War libraries underwent a crisis. During the war years soviet libraries lagged behind world libraries in technology and science. Besides ideology and censorship prevented progress. However, libraries were full of readers and students. New books were in deficit in stores, and students could find scientific literature only in libraries.

1990 s saw disorganization and closure of many libraries, but from that time libraries were gradually reorganized in cultural and informational centers.

Today libraries in Russia are modern informational centers with qualified librarians, computer technologies and free access to information.

Grammar:

Tenses

(Употребление времен)

Present Tenses (Настоящие времена)

I. Choose the right adverbial modifier of time:

1)She is watching TV. a) right now

b) for two days c) every day

2)She watches TV.

a) since morning

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b)now

c)every day

3)She has watched TV. a) just

b) yesterday c) now

4)They are singing in karaoke. a) just

b) yesterday c) now

5)It has rained.

a)since morning

b)now

c)every day

6) Cats walk by themselves.

a)always

b)for two days

c)now

II. Match the correct translation:

III. Choose the right variant. Translate the sentence:

1) Солнце поднимается на востоке.

a)is rising

b)rises

c)have risen

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2)Я не была в Сочи с 9 лет. a) wasn't

b) am not

c) have not been

3)Он выучил все правила и написал слова. a) is learning and writing

b) has learnt and wrote c) learns and writes

4)Сейчас я хожу по магазинам.

a)do shopping

b)am doing shopping

c)has done shopping

5)Вы читали когда-нибудь ―Фауста‖ Гетте? a) do you read

b) are you reading c) have you read

6)Майк, чем ты занимаешься? Убери плеер. a) have you done

b) are you doing c) do you do

Сравните употребление Present Simple и Present Continuous

IV. Put the verbs in brackets in Present Simple or Present Continuous:

1. I (not to drink) coffee now. I (to write) an SMS. 2. I (not to drink) coffee in the evening. I drink it in the morning to wake myself up. 3. In England it (to rain) more often than (to snow). 4. It (to rain) now. Take umbrellas and let's go for a walk! 5. Look! The baby (to sleep). He is so cute! 6. The baby always (to sleep) after dinner. 7. How often you (to meet) your childhood friend? 8. We (to meet) our friends from Tokyo now, I'll call you later! 9. Excuse me, you (to speak) English? What way is to the nearest money changer? 10. I can't understand a word. I think they (to speak) Spanish. 11. Plains (to fly) to Cuba every Tuesday. 12. We (to fly) to Cuba now! Say hello to the sun and white beaches!

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