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12.7.2b-Sitosterol
b-sitosterol is another plant-derived sterol found in black cumin seed, pecans, saw palmetto, avocados, pumpkin seed, cashew, rice brain, corn oil and soybeans. It is considered to be a potent LXR agonist and anti-inflammatory agent49 (Figure 12.14). In cell culture models of osteoarthritis, b-sitosterol was able to decrease proinflammatory pathways.
12.7.3Ergosterol
Ergosterol is another LXR agonist, found in fungal membranes, and is considered to be a very potent LXR agonist. In fact, some of the ergosterol derivatives found in nature activate LXR (Figure 12.15) much more e ectively than the known cholesterol agonists.50 Ergosterol has been found to have antiinflammatory properties as well.51
12.8 Conclusion
Numerous phytochemicals and natural products can intervene in signal transduction mechanisms to attenuate NF-kB-mediated inflammatory
H
H
H H
HO
Figure 12.14 b-Sitosterol.
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H H
HO
Figure 12.15 Ergosterol.
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pathways. However, much remains to be elucidated regarding the pharmacology, toxicology and peak concentrations of these natural products that can be achieved in human plasma. Transcriptional regulators in inflammation present a powerful strategy to target chronic inflammatory diseases. It may be that the life-long prophylactic use of these natural ligands may preempt the use of stronger synthetic derivatives later on.
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