Oil industry

"Petroleum has been a fundamental driver in the industrial, commercial and political evolution of our society." (Petroleum in the 21^я Century. Oil & Gas Journal)

Energy is referred to as the basis of industrial civilization. Ancient people used wood as the major source of energy. Certain other energy sources, found only in localized areas, were also used in ancient times: asphalt, coal, and peat from surface deposits and oil in seepages from underground deposits. When occurred, these seepages were used for limited purposes - such as filling torches and heating homes. But the real exploitation of crude oil did not begin until the 19th century.

Petroleum Engineering

19

Unit 1

The international oil industry can name its birthday almost to the hour.

The date was Saturday, August 27^th, 1859. On that day, at 12 noon, work stopped on a well being drilled by E.L. Drake at Titusville, a small Pennsylvanian town. The depth of the bore-hole at that moment was 69.5 ft. While inspected on the Monday morning, the well had 3 parts full of oil. This was the first well in the world that had been specifically and successfully drilled for oil production. In its shallow depth the international oil industry was born, and the way was opened for new concepts of living standards throughout the whole world.

It should be said, the economy of many nations is influenced by petroleum industry. In developed countries it provides jobs for a great many people. In certain developing but oil-rich countries, petroleum export makes up most of the national income. Petroleum is also a source of political power for such countries because many other nations depend on them for fuel.

Commercial oil production spread rapidly throughout the world as the worldwide demand for petroleum grew. Thus, the oil industry itself is more international than any other. Its operations span the globe. Oil is currently produced in nearly 50 countries in every continent and is being sought not only in those countries but also in others.

The main oil producers are the countries of OPEC (Organization ofPetroleum Exporting Countries) as well as Russia, Norway, Mexico, Canada, and the USA.

People engaged in oil industry have to study and to solve a lot of problems connected with petroleum. Generally speaking, these are: how petroleum was formed millions of years ago under the land and the sea; how we learn where to look for it; how it is brought to the surface; if oil resources will ever dry up; how oil is transported all over the world to places where it is needed; how it is stored and refined to be usable.

The ever-increasing use of petroleum products, especially in developed countries, has helped raise the living standards of many people. But it has also resulted in some serious problems, which include the energy shortage and environmental pollution.

Ex.15 Form nouns using the suffix - age. Translate the new words.

seep (просачиваться) — seepage (просачивание)

store (хранить) —

short (недостаточный) —

acre (акр) —

cover (покрывать) —

link (соединять) —

per cent (процент) —

mile (миля) —

leak(просачиваться) —

Ex. 16 State the part of speech of the words of the same root and translate them.

1. deposit-to deposit-deposition;

2. power-powerful-powerless;

3. to pollute - pollution - pollutant;

4. to solve - solution - solvent - soluble - solubility,

20

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 1

использованию

14. приводить к серьезным проблемам 14. fuel consumption

15. загрязнение окружающей среды 15. to forecast reserves

Remember, when measuring		something the following words are used:
deep —	- глубокий	high—высокий
depth -	—глубина	height—высота
long —	-длинный	thick—толстый
length -	—длина	thickness—толщина
wide —	- широкий	to weigh—весить
width-	—ширина	weight—вес

Ex. 20 Fill in the blanks according to the model.

e. g. The depth of the well is 150 m (500 feet)

or

The well is 150 m (500 feet) deep

1. a) The first modern well was only 21m .

b) The of the first modern well was only 21m.

2. a) Each drill pipe is about 9 m .

b) The of each drill pipe is more than 9 m.

3. a) The gas column is approximately 80 m in .

b) The gas column is approximately 80 m .

4. a) The Yamburg gas and gas condensate field on the Tazov Peninsula occupies the area of 170 km ... and 45 km .. . .

b) The . . . and ... of the Yamburg gas and gas condensate field are 170 and 45 km respectively.

5. a) Electric welding (сварка) is used for welding heavy metal parts which . . . more than 300 tonnes.

b)The . . . of rotor shafts (вал) for electric generators is 350 tonnes.

6. a) The . . . of the formation reaches 30 m. b) The formation is 30 m ....

22

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 1

Ex. 21 Make up the sentences combining A and B.

A	В
1. Wood was used by ancient people as	1. jobs for a great many people.
2. Coal from surface deposits and oil	2. throughout the world.
from seepages were	3. to solve a lot of problems connected
3. Until the 19 th century oil	with oil.
4. Drake's well was the first well	4. the major source of energy.
5. Living standard all over the world	5. are the main world oil producers.
primarily depends	6. used for limited purposes.
6. In developed and developing	7. specifically drilled for oil production.
countries oil industry provides	8. as the energy shortage and
7. In oil producing countries petroleum	environmental pollution.
export	9. didn't find wide application.
8. Oil industry activity spread	10. on oil industry.
9. OPEC, Russia, Norway and some	11. makes up most of the national
other countries	economy.
10. Petroleum specialists have	12. grows as the consumption of
11. Petroleum industry raises serious	petroleum products increases from
problems such	year to year.
12. As commercial oil production spans	13. oil is currently being sought in every
the globe	continent
13. World demand for petroleum

Ex. 22 Choose the proper word.

1. Different hydrocarbon fractions (make, make up) petroleum. Large resources of oil and gas (make, make up) a country powerful and politically independent.

2. A flow of electrons is an electric (current, currently). (Current, Currently) oil is being produced all over the world. (Current, Currently) financial crisis is being held around the world.

3. Oil and gas are important (sources, resources) of fuel. Oil and gas are the major natural (sources, resources) of energy. Siberia is rich in mineral (sources, resources) such as: oil, gas, gold and others.

4. The first (commercial, industrial) well was drilled in this region in 1980. Living standard in the developed (commercial, industrial) countries is high. (Industrial, commercial) nations should pay much attention to air pollution control.

5. The early wells were all drilled by the cable tool (ударно-канатное бурение) method in which a driller had to (raise, rise) and drop a heavy tool. Originally oil and gas (raise, rise) to the surface by means of reservoir pressure.

6. Oil industry has to (solve, decide) a lot of environmental problems. The engineers (solved, decided) to drill a well to the depth of 100 m.

Petroleum Engineering

23

Unit 1

Ex.23 Translate the following sentences:

1. The method applied increased oil production.

2. The data referred to contained a lot of useful information.

3. The detailed analysis of the results obtained improved the well information.

4. The team already spoken of consists of a group of experienced geophysicists.

5. The colour of oil influenced by the components present in it may be different.

6. Drake's well followed by other commercial wells opened up the era of oil industry.

7. The questions answered at the conference touched upon the most important problems.

1. Members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries agreed to cut their oil production by 1 million b/d.

2. While considering the pipeline project, particular attention was given to the site selection for the pipeline construction.

8. The consumption of home heating oil has been affected by the slowdown in the economy.

9. Slightly lowered forecast of worldwide demand for oil was referred to at the conference.

10. Norwegian oil and gas production increasing, most companies expect a handsome income.

3. The State Oil Company currently has the largest hydrocarbon accumulation under active development and exploitation in the country.

4. Having used modem instrumentation and control system the refinery raised its production and lowered air pollution

11. These facts should be taken into consideration while selecting sites for horizontal drilling.

16. Facing the environmental problems the world's oil and gas industries had to learn how to find, drill, produce, transport and refine hydrocarbons safely.

17. A barrel of oil saved is essentially equivalent to a barrel of oil produced.

18. At least a third of all the energy consumed is used by industry.

19. Oil and gas producible and produced reserves should be analyzed.

20. The gas flow produced depended on the pressure in the reservoir.

21. Every oil producing country must have an energy policy that forecasts oil supply for the future but meets current demand for oil.

22. Currently the area includes fine oil commercial deposits, two of which being developed now.

23. Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) will remain the dominant sources of energy used, the fastest -growing fuel being natural gas.

24. Taking into account that 80% of hydrocarbon resources are found in deposits that occur more than 3,000m deep, there exists a high probability that new oil gas deposits will be sought and discovered.

25. The discovery of commercial hydrocarbon accumulations followed by their exploitation resulted in raising living standards in the region.

26. One of the most important questions that must be answered is the future of renewable energies.

27. Oil and gas will remain essential to economic growth not only in the industrialized world but also in the developing nations seeking the ways to raise their living standards.

28. The data referred to indicated that the growth of renewable energy over the next 20-30 years would result from hydro and nuclear sources.

29. When united hydrocarbon molecules form larger molecules known as polymers.

24

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 1

30. When compared with others the Stratfjord field provides most of today's hydrocarbons from the Norwegian North Sea.

31. While making the atmospheric measurements the scientists paid attention to the increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.

32. If subjected to corrosion metals can be destroyed under its action.

33. Having collected all the information the researchers started the experimental work.

34. Having analyzed the properties of the new polymers the scientists recommended them for mass production.

3 5. Different molecules have different speeds, the average speed of all molecules remaining the same while the temperature is constant.

36. With the compressibility of the kerosene being known, the compressibility of the gas could be calculated.

36. Being started in time the preparations will be completed before the beginning of the test.

Ex. 24 Translate the sentences in writing. Use the words from the text "Oil Industry".

1. Энергия — основа промышленного развития.

1. Известно, что древние люди использовали в качестве топлива поверхностные залежи угля и проявления нефти на поверхности.

2. Промышленная добыча нефти началась в 19 веке.

2. Первая промышленная скважина глубиной 69,5 футов была пробурена Дрейком в 1859г в Пенсильвании.

3. Эта неглубокая скважина явилась началом развития мировой нефтяной промышленности.

3. Экономика и жизненный уровень многих стран зависят от нефтяной промышленности.

4. Как в развивающихся, так и в развитых странах нефтяная промышленность обеспечивает рабочие места, составляя значительную часть национального дохода.

4. Следует сказать, что мировой спрос на углеводороды растет из года в год.

5. В настоящее время нефть добывают на всех континентах.

5. Основными производителями нефти являются страны OPEC, Россия, Норвегия и некоторые др.

6. Нефтяной промышленности приходится решать много проблем, связанных с разведкой и разработкой нефтяных месторождений.

6. Важно знать, как и где миллионы лет назад образовалась нефть.

7. Ученые должны спрогнозировать запасы нефти данного региона.

14. Постоянно растущий спрос на нефтепродукты может привести к перебоям в энергоснабжении и загрязнению окружающей среды.

Petroleum Engineering

25

Unit 1

Ex. 25 Say it in one word.

The words below will help you.

g

о

1. slow leaking through

2. to collect and keep for future use

h

1. deficiency or condition of not having enough

2. money received during a given period; interest from investment

о
5. a hole drilled for mineral oil 1
6. a material for producing heat or energy	1
7. a layer of solid matter often buried in the earth	d

8. 	e
   rices				1
   f

   to free from other substances

9. t о make a hole in hard substances

s

8. to say what may happen

9. of little depth

12. any thing or place from which something comes or is obtained

s

13. wish by people ready to buy, use something

14. to lay or put down

d

t

[source(n) deposit(rt), seepage^), income(/j), deposit(v), refine(v), drill(v), well(n), shallow(ac/), forecast(v), store(v), fuel(«), demand(n), shortage(n)].

26

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 1

Ex. 26 Read the paragraphs and arrange them in their logical order.

1. By 1880 the area around Baku on the Caspian Sea was producing much oil for Europe, and for the next 30 years the Rothschilds and the Nobels controlled Russian production.

2. The 60s of the last century are characterized by the exploration and development of the West Siberian resources. The Siberian giants, such as for example Samotlor oil field, were discovered and became the main oil producers. And gradually oil industry moved to the North and East of the country.

3. Russia's oil industry dates back to the 19^th century. Oil seeps, particularly in the Caucasus regions, have been known for many years. Marco Polo reported seeing camel caravans carrying oil from Baku on the Caspian Sea in 1273 AD.

4. Until World War II the bulk of Russian production came from the Caucasus area. However, the Volga-Ural regions, which began producing in the 1930s, have rapidly surpassed the Baku fields. The new area, often called the "Second Baku", stretches from Volgograd to Perm. Production is piped through a large crude-oil network.

5. With the beginning of commercial oil production Russia was the first European country to feel the influence of oil development. While John D. Rockefeller and Standard oil were planting the roots of the petroleum business in the United States—two of Europe's most famous merchant families, the Rothschilds and the Nobels, won petroleum concessions in Imperial Russia.

6. By 1900 Russia was producing 75 mln bbl of oil from 1,700 wells (average depth 1,000 ft) on a 4-sq mile area on the Apsheron peninsula near Baku. At that time it made more than half the world's oil production. But oil production dropped severely following World War I and the subsequent civil war and revolution. Oil production began to rise in the 1930s, then decreased again during World War П.

Ex. 27 Read the sentences expressing the basic (key) idea of each paragraph of the text "Oil Industry". Develop the idea of each sentence using the text.

1. The real exploitation of crude oil began in the 19^th century.

2. The international oil industry was born in 1859.

3. The economy of many nations is influenced by petroleum industry.

4. Oil is currently produced in every continent.

5. Oil industry has to solve a lot of problems.

Ex. 28 Render the text into English.

Развитие современной цивилизации немыслимо без нефти и газа - одного из важнейших топливно-энергетических ресурсов. Наличие запасов нефти и газа во многом определяет политико-экономическоеположение государств в мире. Интенсивное освоение нефтегазовых ресурсов предопределило создание гигантской нефтегазовой высокотехнологической индустрии, которая обеспечивает рабочие места для миллионов рабочих, инженеров и ученых.

В разных странах, в том числе и в России, называют разные даты начала промышленной нефтедобычи в своей стране. Применительно к общемировой добыче многие называют

Petroleum Engineering

27

Unit 1

1859 г. годом рождения мировой нефтяной индустрии. В августе 1859 г. Эдвин Дрейк пробурил 1-ую промышленную скважину в Пенсильвании, в США. Приблизительно в это же время зародилась российская нефтяная промышленность.

Ex. 29 Speak on:

1. Energy resources.

2. Development of the world oil industry.

3. Petroleum industry in Russia

Ex. 30 Think of 5 -7 reasons for studying a foreign language.

28

Petroleum Engineering

Text Grammar:

Grammar Revision:

Oil Business

The Infinitive and the Infinitive

Constructions

1. Different Functions of the Verb "to be" and the Word "one".

2. The Impersonal Structures.

Ex. 1 Read the following international words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents.

[mai'greijsn]

['rezavwa:]

[ba:<fe]

['Ьазгэ1]

[praim]

a) expert ['ekspa:t]	migration
minimize ['mmimaiz]	reservoir
identify [ai'dentifai]	barge
sulphur ['sAlfs]	barrel
nitrogen ['naitnd33n]	prime
b) business activity	['biznis sek'tiviti]
geophysical method	[,c&i:d'fizikl 'meGsd]
geological information	['cfei3'bd3ik(a)l ymf3'meifan]
potential accumulation	['pa'tenjal 3,kjumju'leiJ*3ii]
organic theory	[o:'gaenik 'Gisn]
porous formation	['po:ras fo:'meiJan]
efficient conversion	[I'fijant ksn'vsrjsn]
seismic technique	['saizmik tek'ni:k]
accurate information	['aekjunt .infs'meijan]

Petroleum Engineering

29

Unit 2

Ex. 2 Translate the following word groups.

a) interpretation system—system interpretation field data—data field

formation water—water formation model development—development model equipment operation—operation equipment

b) oilfield

oil field production

oil field production operations

oil field production operations cost

c) gas pipeline

gas pipeline construction

gas pipeline construction patent

d) engineering materials engineering materials property engineering materials property data engineering materials property data base engineering materials property data base programme

Ex.3 a) Translate the sentences. Mind the different functions of the verb «to be».

1. There are different forms of energy.

2. The main aim of the industry is to convert natural substances into usable products.

3. Solar radiation is an unlimited source of energy.

4. Renewable sources of energy are of great importance for future generations.

5. Potential energy can be transformed into kinetic energy.

6. Only small amounts of heat energy are being used today.

7. New oilfields in the North regions are to be developed.

8. New synthetic materials are in wide use nowadays.

9. The information received is of no interest.

10. There has been dynamic change in the software companies.

b) Translate the text, using the verb «to be».

Нефтяная промышленность имеет большое значение в экономике любой страны. Нефть залегает глубоко под землей. Задача нефтяников заключаетсяв том, чтобы найти и извлечь ее на поверхность. Существуют различные методы добычи'нефти. Сейчас широко используется роторный метод бурения скважин. Новые технологии должны быть разработаны для работы в трудных климатических условиях.

Ex. 4 Translate the sentences. Mind the underlined words.

1. as (союз) — по мере того как, когда, так как, как.

2. as early as + дата — уже, только

30

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 2

as late as + дата — уже, только as low as as much as i as many as + величина — (вплоть) до

as high as as wide as as soon as — как только

as a matter of fact — фактически, на самом деле as well as — так же, как as well — также, тоже as to — что касается as follows — следующим образом as (предлог) — в качестве as ... as(not so ... as) — такой же... как (не такой ... как)

1. The term «crude oil» refers to oil as it comes out of the well.

2. As the popularity of kerosene increased/ people looked for new ways to produce it.

3. As early as the 1800s, Canadians began to use oil as the source of lighting.

4. About 13 per cent of petroleum fractions serve as raw materials in manufacturing of various petrochemicals.

5. Europe, including the Asian part of Russia, has as much as 7 per cent of the world's oil supply. As to Russia it possesses the largest reserves in the region.

6. Pipelines are to transport oil as well as its products.

7. As the population grows the demand for oil rises as well.

8. The formula of water can be written as follows: H₂0.

9. As soon as an oil accumulation is discovered, drilling operations begin.

10. As a matter of fact in a new field oil usually flows to the surface by itself.

11. The new distillation equipment is to produce as many petroleum fractions as possible.

12. The diameter of the pipe can be as large as 1.420m.

13. As soon as oil comes to the surface, the pressure in the well must be controled.

Ex. 5 Translate the sentences. Mind the different functions of the word «one».

1. One can easily solve this problem.

2. The oil field consists of several zones, each zone occupies one third of the main field.

3. The mineral, like the one just described, is of great interest for geologists.

4. One knows that the economy of many countries depends on natural resources of these countries.

5. Renewable sources of energy are known as unlimited ones.

6. The one-stage process was tested at the refinery.

7. The forecast for gas industry is a bright one.

8. One must be careful when working with electric equipment.

9. One should say that we must look to our past to see the future.

Petroleum Engineering

31

Unit 2

Ex. 6 Translate the Impersonal Structures and complete the sentences.

a) One should remember that... One can understand that... One must know that... One has to show that... One knows that...

One believes that...

b) It is necessary to mention that... It is important to remember that... It is difficult to understand that... It is possible to show...

It was easy to calculate... It is interesting to note that...

c) It is expected that...

It has been found that...

It was shown that...

It should be demonstrated that...

It can be mentioned that...

It is to be known that...

Ex. 7 Translate the sentences using the impersonal structures.

1. Известно, что нефть образуется под землей.

2. Считается, что экономика страны зависит от ее энергетических ресурсов.

3. Можно сказать, что XXI век - это век альтернативных источников энергии.

4. Установлено, что первая промышленная скважина была глубиной 69,5 футов.

5. Интересно отметить, что более 50 стран являются производителями нефти.

6. Следует помнить, что нефтегазовая промышленность обеспечивает работой миллионы людей во всем мире.

7. Раньше считали, что запасы нефти неистощимы.

8. Важно отметить, что энергия - основа развития современной цивилизации.

9. Нужно сказать, что экономика многих стран зависит от нефтяной промышленности.

32

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 2