Союзы, вводящие условные предложения
если если
ш case — в случае, если provided — при условии, если если бы не
. не
If unless
but for Бессоюзные условные предложения (II и III типы),
If the book were interesting, he would read it. Were the book interesting, he would read it.
Provided he had been free, he would have finished the work yesterday.
Had he been free, he would have finished the work yesterday.
Ex. 4 Translate the sentences. Mind the Conditional Sentences.
If the temperature increases, the rate of any reaction will rise as well.
If fuel were regularly tested, emission levels would be reduced.
Unless Norway had discovered hydrocarbon deposits in the North Sea, the country would have been an importer of hydrocarbons.
In case the world oil production decreased, the price for oil would automatically rise.
Oil industry wouldn't have made great progress unless new technologies had been developed.
If a reservoir were not capped by an impermeable layer, oil would migrate to the surrounding formations.
Were natural gas a useless product, it would be vented to atmosphere or flared.
Could a major part of coal be converted into synthetic oil, it would help overcome fluid fuel shortage.
But for the new technologies, gas wouldn't have been produced in the northern regions.
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Ex. 5 Translate the sentences. Mind the meanings of the word "provided".
In the past only drilling provided important information about the formations.
More oil from existing formations can be recovered provided sophisticated secondary techniques are used.
The hydrocarbon structure of oil and gas provided keys to their origin since plants and animals remains are primarily composed of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
Provided natural gas is compressed or liquefied, it can be transported through pipelines.
The art of successful exploration is based on accurate interpretation of the information provided by geologists and geophysicists.
The appraisal drilling program can be developed provided new geological information has been obtained.
Ex. 6 Complete the following sentences:
a) 1. If I had an exam tomorrow,....
If I were a millionaire,....
If I were you,....
If we finish early today,....
If my friend gets into trouble,....
If you hadn't entered the university,....
If I hadn't missed the classes yesterday.....
If my friend helped me,....
9 , unless I had worked hard.
b) 1.1 could answer your question if... .
2. He would have passed the exam if... . 3.1 will get a good job if... .
We'd go to a cafe if... .
You'll speak good English if... .
They could have done more if... .
You wouldn't have done so many mistakes if... . 8.1 would buy a new car if... .
Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
1 • И would be interesting to discuss the results of the experiment. Было бы интересно обсудить результаты эксперимента
It is important (that) the results of the experiment (should) be discussed. Важно, чтобы результаты эксперимента были обсуждены.
Не demands (that) the results of the experiment (should) be discussed. Он требует, чтобы результаты эксперимента были обсуждены.
We must protect the nature lest it (should) be destroyed for future generations.
Мы должны защищать природу, чтобы не уничтожать ее для будущих поколений.
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Сослагательное наклонение может употреблять после 1.глаголов
|
demand |
— требовать |
|
insist |
— настаивать |
|
propose |
— предлагать |
|
require |
— требовать |
|
suggest |
— предлагать, предполагать |
|
suppose |
— предполагать |
|
wish |
— хотеть, желать |
|
2. неопределенно- |
личных предложений |
|
it is necessary |
— необходимо |
|
it is important |
— важно |
|
it is essential |
— существенно |
|
it is desirable |
— желательно |
|
it is likely |
— вероятно |
|
it is probable |
— вероятно |
|
3. союзов |
|
|
as if |
—-как будто |
|
so that |
— так чтобы |
|
lest |
— чтобы не |
|
that |
— чтобы |
Ex. 7 Translate the sentences. Mind the Subjunctive Mood.
Gubkin insisted that a petroleum engineer should be an expert in all the spheres of petroleum business.
It is essential that petroleum geology should be integrated with natural sciences.
A cap rock is a necessary condition of oil accumulation lest oil migrate into surrounding rocks.
It is desirable that pipelines should carry petroleum products directly to the market.
Crude oil must be refined so that it could be used as a useful product.
It is necessary natural gas be processed to meet the specifications of its transporting by pipelines.
For decades gas was vented to atmosphere as if it were a useless product.
Nowadays it is important that alternative sources of energy should be developed.
Ex. 8 Translate the sentences. Mind different meanings of the verbs "should" and "would".
It was reported that the refinery would process about 50 different crude oils a year.
It is essential that the temperature of the reaction should be constant.
The development of renewable energy sources—such as wind, solar, and biomass - should be a key to the solution of the energy shortage problem.
The energy committee proposed that 5.5% of electricity should come from the renewables.
If consumers around the world wanted to slow down climate change they would pay higher prices for energy.
The petroleum industry should develop oil and gas resources, which would supply growing markets with fuel.
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The early philosophers considered atom to be inseparable. We, however, would hardly agree with them.
I would like to stress that today the internet is an important tool.
But for the internet we wouldn't be able to get or to send needed information in minutes, sometimes seconds.
One should know that diamond bits are used for drilling hard formations.
Ex. 9 Read the text and answer the questions that follow it.
ROLE OF IMPORTED OIL IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
One industrialized country, the United States, consumes almost 17 million barrels of petroleum products per day and it imports 7.7 million barrels of crude oil per day, or 46 per cent of its requirements. Forty two per cent of those oil imports come from OPEC Member Countries.
If an industrialized country such as the US stopped importing oil, many different people would be affected:
All of the oil importers (dock workers, import agents, etc.) would be out of work.
Roughly half of the people working in the downstream oil industry (refining, distribution, retail sales*) would lose their jobs.
Prices would rise dramatically. With only half the normal amount of oil being supplied, the price of oil would increase rapidly; let's presume the price of oil would double:
Many people would suddenly find it very expensive to fill their cars with gas.
Many retail gas stations would close (with workers losing their jobs), and fewer people would buy new cars, leading to further job losses.
The price of electricity would rise (since many power stations burn oil and gas). The cost of transporting goods would be much higher, affecting everything from bread and butter to computers and clothing.
G If people could not afford to buy so much, more retail workers** would lose their jobs, as would farmers, factory workers and truck drivers.
□ With more people out of work, there would be less money spent on products and services, and the situation would get worse. It is not easy to predict how many people would lose their jobs if the US stopped importing oil. Presumably it would be millions of people.
The impact would not be confined to the US alone, of course. Countries exporting oil to the US would lose a valuable source of income that supports many thousands of jobs.
And if the US economy starts to suffer the problems outlined here, then the US cannot afford to import many other products and services, thus creating problems for its trade partners around the world. ■ ■,«.■■•"--
What would happen if an industrialized country stopped importing oil?
Why would many people be out of jobs?
Why would prices rise?
How could this situation affect other countries?
* retail sales - розничная торговля
** retail workers — продавцы розничных товаров
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damage n damage v
point»
destroy v
crust n
fragile a
consequence n
concern» concern v
wildlife n
9. responsible for
smb.orsmth
warnv
preserve v
12. impactn
Words to the text «ECOLOGY»
вред, повреждение
The earthquake caused much damage, повреждать; наносить ущерб
The pipeline was damaged by explosion. 1) точка; 2) пункт, момент, вопрос, дело
Four point six (4.6); boiling point; freezing point; a point of view.
There were two or three points in his speech that I didn't understand.
3) The point is that oil and gas are non-renewable sources of energy, разрушать, уничтожать
The building was destroyed by fire.
The weather destroyed our plans, земная кора (геол.)
The Earth crust is of different thickness at different points, хрупкий; слабый; недолговечный
The vase is very fragile, последствие, вывод, заключение
The project was very dangerous and, as a consequence,
was closed down, забота, беспокойство
The storm was not too serious so there is no cause for concern, касаться, иметь отношение
The problem of environmental pollution concerns everybody.
флора и фауна, живая природа
(дикие животные и растения)
The company is to minimize its destructive effect on the environment, whether the concern is air, water, land or wildlife.
ответственный за что-либо, кого-либо
The petroleum industry is partly responsible for C02 emissions, предупреждать, предостерегать
The radio warned people about the coming storm, сохранять, охранять
People should do everything to preserve peace. 1) удар, толчок 2) воздействие
Her speech made a great impact on the audience.
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hazardous a
emitv
emission/?
upgrading л
combustion n
greenhouse
contribute to smth
acid л
alter v
patterns
mean a syn. average
meltv
oil spill n
beach n
Unit 4
рискованный, опасный
Smoking cigarettes is hazardous for one's health, излучать, испускать
Uranium and other radioactive elements emit dangerous rays, излучение, выделение
Kyoto's protocols having been ratified by Russia, carbon dioxide
emissions are to be controlled by international organization, модернизация, усовершенствование
Electronic equipment ages, so it often needs upgrading, горение, сжигание
Combustion produces heat and often light.
парник
greenhouse effect
A greenhouse is a glass building in which plants are grown.
содействовать, способствовать
делать вклад (в науку и т.д.)
Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.
Gubkin's works contributed much to petroleum geology, кислота
Chemists should be careful when working with acids, изменять (ся)
They 've altered the plan for the new building. 1) рисунок; 2) модель, шаблон, характер
Many carpets have geometrical patterns.
The same grammar pattern should be used while doing this exercise.
среднее (значение)
The temperature of this autumn is higher than the mean autumn temperature.
плавить (ся), таять
When a solid substance melts, it changes to a liquid, разлив нефти (на поверхности воды)
Oil spills are taken away with the help of certain chemicals.
пляж
Australia, Brazil and the USA produce titanium, circonimn, rare metals from beach sands.
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27. level n
level v
28. support/?
support v
contaminate v
soil и
pass a law
approach»
approach v
уровень
sea level; production level
The school leaving examinations in England have ordinary and advanced levels.
нивелировать, выравнивать
to level a surface, a road, prices поддержка, опора
the supports of the bridge
Thank you for your support at this difficult time, поддерживать
To support an idea.
Large columns support the roof, загрязнять, заражать
The town's drinking water was contaminated with toxic chemicals, почва, грунт
Soil is the upper layer of the Earth, принимать закон
The Parlament has recently passed a law about education, подход
All approaches to the town were blocked;
a new approach to teaching English, подходить, приближаться
The time is approaching when we must leave.
What is the best way to approach this problem?
Ex. 10 Read the text and state the functions of "should" and "would".
ECOLOGY
Ancient people seemed to be quite « environmentally friendly» and lived in harmony with nature. Nevertheless since the earliest times the man has tended to dominate over the nature.
Environmental damage through history has reached a crisis point. Step by step the man has changed the composition of the atmosphere, the sea and the upper layers of the Earth crust. Our modem lifestyle is destroying the fragile environment. Nowadays the man faces the global environmental problems, which can have serious consequences for human health and the environment.
The principal environmental concerns connected with industrial progress are: water, air, land, wildlife.
Partly responsible for all types of pollution is petroleum industry, since upstream, midstream and downstream processes have created serious environmental pollution problems. It was as early as the 1960s that environmentalists warned the world that only balanced and regulated oil development would preserve the environment and the wildlife. Environmental impacts can start with geologic studies and
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exploratory work, continue with drilling and production and end with hazardous emissions from refineries, storage tanks and pipeline leakages.
Operations that can have effects on the environment at all stages of petroleum business are seismic surveys, drilling, production, road-development and well-site access, pipelining, refining and processing and general increases in human activities.
Let's consider some examples.
Different pollutants are emitted during drilling operations, separation, upgrading, transport and storage of crude oil and gas, combustion of fuels.
The toxic substances such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4) and other byproduct gases are considered to be greenhouse gases. They contribute to acid rains, global warming. Global warming is expected to alter atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, water circulation and weather patterns. (The global mean temperatures at the Earth's surface are likely to rise by 2°C by 2025.) If the Earth's temperature got hotter by just a few degrees, it could dramatically change the weather all over the planet. Places that are warm would become too hot to live in, and places that are cold would become warm. Ices would melt and our planet would become an ocean. And the catastrophic warming might occur. Oceangoing ships, tankers and offshore drilling accidents can cause oil spills that pollute the water, damage beaches and destroy wildlife. Oil reduces the level of oxygen dissolved in the water, without which the sea cannot support any life at all.
Drilling fluids, pipeline leaks contaminate soil. All the facts mentioned above are symptoms of careless, inefficient poor industrial management. Many laws should be passed in oil producing countries to control pollution and protect environment. It is important that in all operations and products an eco cycle approach should be adopted.
Concern for the environment is a global problem. To reduce environmental impact is a continuous process. The petroleum industry has to invest much in the development of new technologies and products so that pollution should be minimized. Provided the safe and efficient technologies are introduced, the world is out of danger.
Ex. 11 Find synonyms to the following words in the text.
ancient times ruin pollute average
harm stratum change care
achieve influence scheme
Ex.12 Find English equivalents in the text.
управлять природой
вред, нанесенный окружающей среде
шаг за шагом (постепенно)
столкнуться с проблемами
здоровье человека
главное, что вызывает тревогу в состоянии окружающей среды
воздействие на окружающую среду
подъезд к скважине
хозяйственная деятельность человека
характер погоды
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в значительной степени
аварии при бурении на морском шельфе
управление производством
защита окружающей среды
Ex. 13 In each line find an English word that corresponds to the Russian one.
закон —law; low; load; loud
здоровье — wealth; health; width; strength
горение —crust; conclusion; combustion; contamination
кислота —alloy, axis; ache; acid
изменять — to attack; to alter; to alert; to allow
поддерживать—to supply; to suspect; to support; to suggest
почва — land; soil; sole; sold
последствие —influence; sentence; consequence; experience
разрушать — to distribute; to destroy; to display; to describe
Ex.14 Translate the sentences.
If a significant oil spill ever occurs the company responsible for environmental protection will do its best to minimize the damage (from oil spills).
But for the green-house effect the mean temperature at the Earth's surface would be 18°C.
It is essential great care should be taken to prevent salt water spills on the surface.
Such field would have a significant economic impact, provided the average well productivity were high enough.
The future generation will be provided with energy, land, water if natural resources are used efficiently.
In case C02 emissions are to be reduced, the amount of energy produced from hydrocarbon fuels must be reduced proportionally.
The wildlife would have been dramatically destroyed unless certain environmental laws had been passed.
If the polar ice caps melt, sea levels could rise by more than a meter over a few decades.
Control is required lest accidental emissions of oil and gas into the environment occur.
Unless human activity responsible for the most of C02 emissions had been under control these emissions would have reached their crisis point long ago.
If we don't take actions to protect the earth's atmosphere, it will soon become unable to protect us.
12 Were more natural gas for power and heat used instead of coaj, the environmental impact of nazardous green-house gases would reduce.
Fragile environment won't be damaged by upstream operations if all environmental requirements aremet.
If finding petroleum were simply a matter of collecting data and applying a formula, anyone responsible for this work could tell oil companies where to drill.
It is demanded that drinking water be cleaned from harmful impurities.
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But for the new approaches to the environmental problems the consequences ofhuman activity would have been much worse.
If preventive measures to limit green house emissions are adopted by the governments of all countries, this will contribute to the improvement of the ecological situation in the world.
Ex. 15 Make up the sentences combining A and B.
|
|
A |
|
В |
|
I. |
But for the atmosphere |
1. |
commercial oil production wouldn't spread rapidly throughout the world. |
|
2. |
If well logging is run |
2. |
environmental problems can occur. |
|
3. |
If commercial production of oil hadn't |
|
|
|
|
begun in the 19-th century |
3. |
it would be of little economic value. |
|
4. |
If the field production had been increased |
4. |
the problem of the seasonal regulation of gas consumption and supply will not be solved. |
|
5. |
If pipelines leak |
5. |
the true picture of the subsurface will be obtained. |
|
6. |
Provided the pressure in the formation were normal |
6. |
energy demand wouldn't increase. |
|
7. |
If sulphur were not removed from petroleum feedstock |
7. |
life would not exist on the Earth. |
|
8. |
In case there were no green house effect |
8. |
its share in the world's economy wouldn't |
|
9. |
If demand for petroleum hadn't grown in the 60s |
9. |
raise. there would be no global warming. |
|
10 |
If oil were not treated |
10 |
oil would flow freely to the surface. |
|
11 |
Provided gas were not so environmentally |
11. |
the life of the mankind wouldn't have changes |
|
|
friendly |
|
so greatly. |
|
12 |
If the world's population didn't grow |
12 |
the equipment at a refinery would be attacked by severe corrosion. |
|
13 |
. If gas underground storages are located |
13 |
. the throughput capacity of the pipeline would |
|
|
far from large cities |
|
have been raised as well. |
ч Ex. 16 Open the brackets translating the Russian words into English.
1) Land contamination has many causes and occurs (во всем мире). It's common knowledge that drilling fluids and pipeline (утечки) contaminate soil. These (аварии) result from poor industrial (управление)
Oceangoing ships are a major source of oil (разлив на поверхности). Many countries passed (законы) requiring ship owners to take preventive measures.
Refiners (сталкиваются) the problem of air (загрязнение). (Двуокись углерода), methane and other (побочные) gases from petroleum refining accumulate in the atmosphere. These products result in (парниковый) effect.
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Sulfur dioxide and some other gases emitted during fossil fuel (горения) can cause (кислотный) rain. These rains bring environmental (ущерб) and can have serious (последствия) for human (здоровья).
2) Perhaps the most discussed (экологическая) problem is (глобальное) warming. It is the most serious environmental problem that (с которой мы сталкиваемся). The petroleum industry is partly (ответственна) for (выбросы) of greenhouse gases.
(Углеводородные) fuels (преобладают) the energy markets. Natural gas, oil and coal provide 90% of the energy (потребляемой). Hydrocarbon (топлива), of course, emit C02 during (сжигание). The main task of the industry is (свести до минимума) its (опасное) effect.
Ex. 17 Open the brackets choosing the proper English word from those given below the texts.
a) In its early days, the oil industry generated considerable environmental (...). Through the years (...) for the environment has become an urgent task of the industry. Upstream operations (...) for water and air quality. Most oil and gas reservoirs contain water, sometimes saline. It comes to the surface with the (...) and must return to the reservoir to increase the (...) of oil. Great care is taken to prevent salt water (...) on the surface because they can (...) or even kill vegetation and (...) waters.
Air emissions during drilling operations occur (...) from engines. These (...) are comparable in composition and quantity to emissions from a city bus.
(emissions, concern (n), contaminate, pollution, to be responsible, hydrocarbons, principally, spills, damage (v), recovery)
b) Numerous (...) studies in the arctic regions have focused on tundra vegetation and (...) for upstream operations can dramatically (...) the surrounding nature. Exploration and production activities cause serious environmental (...). They can (...) permafrost (вечная мерздота). So the main (...) of the environmentalists is to control the industry activities. From the years of operating experience scientists have developed environmental (...) technology to (...) their (...) effect. Continuous monitoring ofbusiness activities have resulted in minimal (...) to the surrounding tundra vegetation and wildlife.
(melt, environmental, protection, damages, concern, minimize, impacts, wildlife, destroy, hazardous)
Ex. 18 Connect the sentences from A and С using the words from B.
|
|
A |
В |
С |
|
1. |
Ancient people lived in harmony |
nevertheless |
man always tended to dominate over |
|
|
with nature |
|
the nature. |
|
2. |
Industry has always been |
as |
now environmental damage has |
|
|
destroying the environment |
|
reached a crisis point. |
|
3. |
Smog and acid rain were the early |
thus |
mankind has realized that it faces |
|
|
environmental concerns |
|
the problem of global warming |
|
4. |
Downstream section of petroleum |
but |
it emits into the atmosphere such |
|
|
business is partly responsible |
|
toxic gases as S02, NO |
|
|
for air pollution |
|
and others |
|
5. |
Petroleum industry takes measures |
but gradually |
it is partly responsible for |
|
|
to prevent or minnrrize |
|
environmental damage |
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|
environmental pollution |
|
|
|
6. Combustion of hydrocarbons |
however |
one can say that petroleum |
|
is responsible for more than 80% |
|
industry contributes to global |
|
of greenhouse gas emission |
|
warming |
|
7. Seismic surveys can cause certain |
Although |
practically no upstream operation |
|
environmental damage |
|
can do without seismic |
|
8. Certain petroleum industry |
therefore |
many laws have been passed |
|
operations are the sources |
|
to control pollution |
|
of environmental damage |
|
|
Ex. 19 Speak on the environmental problems caused by upstream, midstream and downstream activities and the ways to minimize their hazardous effects. Use the active vocabulary to the text «Ecology».
Ex.20 Write the summary of the text "Ecology".
Ex. 21 Name 8-10 operations in oil and gas industry which can cause environmental pollution.
Ex. 22 Translate in writing. Use a dictionary.
The demand pressures that are raising prices of oil and natural has lead to more exploration for and production of conventional oil and gas as well as unconventional oil - such as oil sands and shale oil.
If demand continues to grow at recent rates, there will have to be many ways to future energy supply.
Who knows what the energy industry will look like 50 or 100 years from today? Many struggle to guess, but no one can be sure.
What seems certain at this point is that demand will grow beyond the capacity of oil and gas. The future is therefore bright for nonhydrocarbon energy sources.
Here are a few projects not just proposed but under way to prove technologies for oil and gas substitutes:
Five fuel-cell cars, powered by hydrogen instead of gasoline, were delivered to Canada to be used in the first-of-its-kind Vancouver Fuel Cell Vehicle Program.
Also, a biodiesel production facility opened in Denton, Tex., that will help supply the city's fleet and produce asmuch as 3 million gal/year of clean-burning biodiesel made from vegetable oils. The production facility is powered by another alternate fuel: landfill gas.
Several Corporations has joined forces to produce biogas from nonrecyclable waste for the production of fine papers.
(Oil & Gas Journal)
Ex.23
Imagine you are hunting for a job. Look through the given advertisements (advs) and chose the one which suits you. Give the arguments to your choice.
Translate the adv you have chosen in writing. Use a dictionary.
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Your marketplace for the oil and gas industry
Sun
Pipe Line Company is seeking a CM!
Engineering professional with 7+
years'
experience to join the Operations Engineering group at our
Philadelphia, PA headquarters.
The successful applicant will hold a BS degree (minimum) as well as a PE license (PA/NTOIJ/OH/MI) or an ability to obtain a license. Candidate must be dependable, a self-starter, an experienced estimator, possess a thorough understanding of high pressure liquid pipeline hydraulics, and have design experience with an emphasis on relocations. Strong PC background, excellent written and verbal communication skills, and knowledge of pipeline/terminal maintenance practices are all necessary.
Our Operations Engineering group supports pipeline and terminal customers in a 13 state area in their day-to-day operations by providing technical services and knowledge to: assess impact to pipeline and right-of-way from 3rd parties, prepare scopes and cost estimates for business development, prepare permits and reimbursement agreements, solve problems, and support capital and expense programs.
This opportunity, requiring some travel, offers a competitive compensation package. For consideration, please fax your resume and salary requirements to: (215) 977-6088 by June 10th, 1996. EOE M/F/D/V.
SUNOCO
ASST. LABORATORY MANAGER
Assist in daily management of lab employees and testing. B.S. in chemistry with refinery lab and supervisory experience required. This is not a research position.
REFINERY TRAINING COORDINATOR
Develop, monitor and coordinate all aspects of refinery training program. Refinery training management experience a must, but can be in association with other position such as safety, environment or engineering.
PROCESS ENGINEER
Conduct process design/project engineering. Chemical or Mechanical engineering background with 3 + years refinery process engineering experience.
Positions offer challenge and opportunity for growth plus a full array of personal care and financial benefits. Send resumes to: