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3)approval of the company’s annual reports and bookkeeping balance sheets and distribution of its profits and losses;

4)decision on reorganization or liquidation of the company;

5)selection of an audit commission (auditor) of the company.

The law on LLC may also assign decision on other matters to the exclusive jurisdiction of the general meeting.

No matters assigned to the exclusive jurisdiction of the general meeting of the company’s participants may be delegated by it for resolution to the company’s executive body.

4.For the purpose of review and approval of the accuracy of the annual fiscal report of a LLC, it shall have the right to engage, on an annual basis, a professional auditor who is not associated by property interests with the company or its participants (external audit). The auditor’s review of the annual fiscal report of the company may also be conducted upon demand of any of its participants.

The procedure for conducting auditor’s reviews of the company’s activity shall be defined by law and by the company charter.

5.Publication by the company of information about the results of the conduct of its affairs (public report) is not required, with the exception of cases specified by the law on LLC.

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PRACTICE

1. Define the following terms:

Management, body, power, property, reorganization, liquidation.

2.Find the relevant Russian patterns for the expressions given below. Make up sentences of your own using the above-mentioned expressions:

The contract may provide for cases; unless a different order is specified; to carry out the day-to-day management of its activities; to be answerable to the general meeting; a single-person administrative body; matters assigned to the exclusive jurisdiction of the general meeting; for the purpose of; to engage a professional auditor on an annual basis; upon demand; with the exception of cases specified by the law;

3.Fill in the blanks with your own constructions:

a)_________________ shall be carried out by

___________________.

b)The charter may provide for cases

___________________________.

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c)________________________, unless the different order is specified.

d)_______________________fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the general meeting of participants of

______________________.

e)_____________________to carry out the day-to-day management of its activities.

f)For the purpose of review and approval of the accuracy of the annual fiscal report

______________________________;

g)_______________________ may also be conducted upon demand of any of its participants.

4. Translate into English:

Осуществляться по общему согласию всех участников; решение принимается большинством голосов; если не предусмотрен иной порядок; отказ от этого права или его ограничение ничтожны; единоличный орган управления; избрание ревизионной комиссии; к исключительной компетенции общего собрания участников относятся; аудиторская проверка годовой финансовой отчетности общества; публичная отчетность; за исключением случаев, предусмотренных законом.

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REVISION UNIT

(LESSONS 1 - 8)

1. Define the following legal terms:

Individual, legal entity, corporation, partnership, joint venture.

2. Fill in the table:

TYPES OF FOUNDING DOCUMENTS

Устав

Меморандум об учреждении

Заявление об учреждении

Operating Agreement

Partnership Agreement

By-Laws

Заявка на регистрацию

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3. Get ready for dictation-translation:

PART I

I. Общее собрание акционеров

Высший орган управления Обществом, проводить годовое общее собрание акционеров, Совет директоров, ревизионная комиссия, аудитор, годовой отчет, письменное уведомление о созыве собрания, повестка дня, быть правомочным (иметь кворум), при отсутствии кворума, компетенция общего собрания акционеров, внесение изменений и дополнений в устав, ликвидационная комиссия, промежуточный и окончательный ликвидационные балансы, определение вознаграждения, досрочное прекращение полномочий, бухгалтерский баланс, счет прибылей и убытков, порядок ведения общего собрания.

PART II

II. Совет директоров Общества

To carry out the overall management of the Company’s activities, to be elected by the Board members from among their body by a majority vote of all Board members, a tie vote, a casting vote, to delegate the voting rights to, to keep minutes, according to the established procedure, guidelines, to place bonds and other securities, to increase the par value of the shares, to fix the remunerations of the independent auditor, to establish branches, to make major transactions, other matters as provided by federal law.

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PART III

III. Исполнительные органы Общества

Единоличный исполнительный орган, collective executive body, организовывать выполнение решений общего собра-

ния акционеров, to act on behalf of the Company, право пер-

вой подписи под финансовыми документами, to issue powers of attorney, заключать трудовые договора с работниками, to grant incentives to, налагать взыскания.

4.Speak on the following topics:

a)the executive bodies of an LLC;

b)the executive bodies of a JSC;

c)the company’s board of directors;

d)the matters falling within the exclusive jurisdiction of the general meeting of participants of a LLC;

e)the matters falling within the exclusive jurisdiction of the general meeting of participants of a JSC.

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LESSON 9

LATIN ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY USED IN LEGAL CONTEXT

1. Read and remember the following:

Latin terms and expressions are a legitimate heritage of Roman law in legal English. Some Latin-derived expressions, as we know, are deeply integrated in everyday language, such as per cent or et cetera; others are mostly confined to special applications. In contracts and other legal instruments, it is difficult to avoid using, where appropriate, such expressions as mutatis mutandis, ad hoc or prima facie, since a legal concept underlying each of these expressions is somewhat more specific that their literal translation into English. Other expressions, although quite replaceable and, indeed, often replaced with their English equivalents, are used by many lawyers due to a longstanding tradition: bona fide, inter alia, supra (infra) etc.. To show a distinction between Latin and English words, the former are typically italicized.

In legal studies and court pleadings, the use of Latin phrases can be wider, and even Latin sentences referring to some wellestablished principles of law may be used. For example: Ubi jus, ibi remedium. - Where there is a right, there is a remedy;

Scire debes cum quo contrahis. - You ought to know with whom you deal.

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2. Examine the tables given below:

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation

Latin

 

 

English

A.M.

ante meridiem

before noon

 

c. or ca

circa

about, approximately

cf.

confer

compare

 

c.v.

curriculum vitae

curriculum vitae

ead.

eadem

in

the

same

place, author

(female form of ibid.)

 

 

e.g.

exempli gratia

for example, for instance

et al.

et allii, et alia

and other people/things

etc.

et cetera

and so on, and other things

et seq.

et sequens

and the following pages

ib, ibid.

ibidem

in

the

same

place, au-

thor(esp. previous reference)

 

 

i.e.

id est

that is to say

 

 

infra

below

 

 

 

inter alia

amongst other things

loc. cit.

loco citato

in the place cited/mentioned

N.B.

nota bene

note well/carefully

op. cit.

opere citato

in the work cited/mentioned

before

 

 

 

 

 

 

P.M.

post meridiem

after noon

 

P.S.

post scriptum

after writing

 

 

passim

here & there, throughout, in

 

several places

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

48

pro tem.

pro tempore

for the time, temporarily

Q.E.D.

quod erat

which was to be shown

demonstrandum

 

 

q.v.

quod vide

which see, elsewhere in the

same book

 

 

 

 

sc.

scilicet

that is to say

 

sic

 

thus used, spelt, etc.

 

stet

 

as it was originally

 

supra

 

above

v., vs.

versus

against

 

vide

 

see

viz.

videlicet

namely, that is to say

v.v.

vice versa

the other way round

 

 

 

EXPRESSIONS

 

 

 

 

Latin Expression

 

 

English

a fortiori

 

 

with even stronger reason

a posteriori

 

 

from effects to causes, reasoning based on

 

 

past experience

 

 

 

a priori

 

 

from causes to effects, from what comes

 

 

before, deductive reasoning

 

 

 

ab initio

 

 

from the beginning

ad hoc

 

 

improvised

 

bona fide

 

 

in good faith

 

caveat

 

 

a caution/warning(e.g., caveat emptor - let

 

 

the buyer beware)

 

 

 

curriculum vitae

 

the course of one's life

de facto

 

 

from the fact(rather than by right)

 

 

 

49

 

de jure

from the law

ex officio

out of one's duty or office

ex post facto

after the fact, retrospectively

in toto

in its entirety

inter alia

among other things

ipso facto

by the fact itself

per capita

per head

quid pro quo

something in return

pro rata

in proportion

sine die

without a day, with no time fixed

sine qua non

without which not, essential precondition

status quo

things as they are

mutatis mutandis

with appropriate amendments

prima facie

sufficient, unless the opposite is demon-

strated

 

per annum

annually

res judicata

“case determined”; judicial precedent

 

 

3.Translate the statements given below. Pay attention to the specific Latin expressions:

A.The Parties agree that the procedure described in Article 2.2 and Article 3 for the payment of purchase price and passage of title to the Option Shares shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the payment of the purchase price for the Transfer Shares and transfer of title to the Transfer Shares.

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