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Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ.
j
ρ
ρ
I. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ – ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ, ɬɨɝɞɚ
ρ=ρ= ⋅
34
−ϕ
1
e
. ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɷɬɢ ɜɵɪɚ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (5.17), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
j
−ϕ
ªº
Σ
Sj
0
=
«»
j
−ϕ
ρ
e
«»
¬¼
ρ
e
.
0
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦ
ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɟɦ (ɫɪ. ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (2.33)). ȿɫɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ, ɮɚɡɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ. ɉɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɢ, ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ p-i-n-
ɞɢɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ
p-i-n-ɞɢɨɞɵ (ɪɢɫ. 5.30), ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ R
RZ
0 ɜ
ρ=ρ=ρ= =
34
g
RZ
0 ɜ
g
1
−
+
1
;
Σ
Sj
, ɬɨ
ɞɨ
0
ªº
«»
¬¼
.
0
ρ
ɂɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɬɨɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɞɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ
(ɫɦ. ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞ. 5.2.7) ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ȡ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ
R
g0
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɚɬɬɟɧɸɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 5.29 – ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ.
5.4.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶ
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ 1 (ɪɢɫ. 5.30) ɩɨɞɚɧ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɫ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ
ɩ
U.
1
Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ
141
ɦɨɫɬ I ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (4.18)
j
j
,
100
j
I,II
[]
S
=
00 1
001
1
−
j
2
100
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɧa ɜɯɨɞɚɯ 3
ɢ 4 ɦɨɫɬɚ I ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ, ɚ ɮɚɡɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ 90°:
ɨɬ ɩ ɨɬ ɩ
31 41
2; 2UjU UU=− =−
.
Ɋɢɫ. 5.30
ɋɢɝɧɚɥ ɫ ɜɯɨɞɚ 3' ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ 1''
ɦɨɫɬɚ II, ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɫ ɜɯɨɞɚ 4' ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ 2'' ɦɨɫɬɚ II c ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɜ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɭɝɨɥ ϕ:
ɩɩ ɩɩ
UjU UUe
=− =−
11 21
2; 2
j
−ϕ
.
ɩɩ
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ
34
0UU==
(ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɜɨɥɧ, ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɦɨɫɬɚ II:
142
0
ϕ
§·
¨¸
ɩ
ɨɬ II II ɩII
USU
>= >= =
[]
U
1
2
§·
¨¸
j
−ϕ
=
ɩ 2
jU e
1
¨¸
¨¸
−ϕ
sin 2
¨¸
cos 2
©¹
0
¨¸
¨¸
−+
¨¸
¨¸
je
©¹
j
−ϕ
e
1
j
−ϕ
+
(1 )
(5.18)
0
0
.
ϕ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɢɝɧɚɥ
ɩ
U ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ 3 ɢ 4,
1
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɮɚɡɵ
ϕ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ:
ɨɬ
U
U
sin 2
3
ɨɬ
4
ϕ
==
ϕ
cos 2
tg 2
. (5.19)
ȿɫɥɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢ
ϕ = 0 ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɜɯɨɞɚ 4, ɩɪɢ ϕ = 180° –
ɜ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɜɯɨɞɚ 3. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɢɪɚɬɨɪ –
ɧɟɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɣ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɚɡ π (ɩ. 5.1.4), ɬɨ
ɪɚɫ-
ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ [3].
5.4.3. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.31, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɦɩɟɞɚɧɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ. ȼɫɟ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɢɦɟ-
143
ɸɬ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ Zɜ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦ Zɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦ 2 ɢ 3 ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɞɵ, ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɞɢɨɞɵ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5.31
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɲ2 ɲ3
ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤ Zɜ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ
ɢ yy
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɲɥɟɣɮɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɨɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ
ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦ 2 ɢ 3 ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨ-
ɢ YY
ɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɟɱ
ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ 2 ɢ 3 ɪɚɜɧɵ:
23
1; 1YYYY=+ =+
2 ɲ23 ɲ3
.
ȼ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ 2, 3 (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ) ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
11 ; 11YYYY=+ =+
() ()
2 ɲ23 ɲ3
. (5.20)
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɞɢɨɞ VD2 ɨɬɤɪɵɬ, ɞɢɨɞ VD3 ɡɚɤɪɵɬ, ɬɨɝɞɚ (ɫɦ. § 1.3)
ɢɡ (5.20) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
144
11 ctg2 /
Yjl
=− πλ=
()
2 ɥ
2
sin 2 / / 2 sin 4 / ;
=πλ+ πλ
lj l
()
11 ctg2 /
Yjl
=+ πλ=
()
3 ɥ
2
cos 2 / / 2 sin 4 / .
=πλ− πλ
lj l
()
()
()
ɥɥ
()
(5.21)
()
()
ɥɥ
()
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɷɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ
ɜɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
ɜɯ 23
1YYY=+=
.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ l ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ 1.
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɭɱɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
P , ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ i-ɣ ɜɯɨɞ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ,
i
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
2
PU Y= ,
ii
Re
()
ɝɞɟ U – ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ
(5.21), ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ:
PY
22
==
Re
PY
33 ɥ
tg
2
l
π
2
.
λ
Re
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɨɞɨɜ (VD2 – ɡɚɤɪɵɬ,
VD3 – ɨɬɤɪɵɬ) ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɢɟ.
145
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. ɉɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ?
2. Ʉɚɤ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɹ?
3. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ?
4. Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹ?
5. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɦɢ?
6. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɟ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ?
7. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹ.
8. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ?
9. Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ?
10. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ?
11. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ?
12. Ʉɚɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɡɚɦɵɤɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ?
13. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦɢ.
14. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɋȼɑ?
15. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɟɧɡɨɪ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ?
16. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɋȼɑ?
17. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɫɫɢɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɹ?
18. ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨ-
ɞɟ ɫ ɜɨɥɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɚ ɇ
ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɟ.
10
19. ȼ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɹ?
20. ȼ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɹ?
ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞ-
146
21. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɪ?
22. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ p-i-n-ɞɢɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɲɢ-
ɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɋȼɑ?
23. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ p-i-n-ɞɢɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɍɋȼɑ?
24. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɧɚ p-i-n-ɞɢɨɞɟ.
25. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɞɵ.
26. ɉɨɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɋȼɑ-ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ.
27. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɚɬɬɟɧɸɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ?
28. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɧɟɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɚɯ.
147
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ
1. Ⱥɜɤɫɟɧɬɶɟɜ, Ⱥ. Ⱥ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɋȼɑ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ⱥ. Ⱥ. Ⱥɜɤɫɟɧɬɶɟɜ, ɇ. Ƚ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜ, Ƚ. Ⱥ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ. – Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ, 1989. – 56 ɫ.
2. Ⱥɥɶɬɦɚɧ, Ⱦ. Ʌ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ /
Ⱦ. Ʌ. Ⱥɥɶɬɦɚɧ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: Ɇɢɪ, 1966. – 488 ɫ.
3. ȼɚɦɛɟɪɫɤɢɣ, Ɇ. ȼ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɋȼɑ / Ɇ.
ȼ. ɂ. Ʉɚɡɚɧɰeɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: Ɋɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ, 1982. – 136 ɫ.
4. ȼɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɫɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ɂ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɋȼɑ ɢ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵ /
Ⱦ. ɂ. ȼɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɫɤɢɣ, ȼ. Ʌ. Ƚɨɫɬɸɯɢɧ, ȼ. Ɇ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, Ʌ. ɂ. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ / ɂɡɞ. 2-ɟ, ɞɨɩ. ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: Ɋɚɞɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ,
2006. – 376 ɫ.
5. ȽɈɋɌ 24375-80. Ɋɚɞɢɨɫɜɹɡɶ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. –
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɂɡɞ
-ɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, 1987. – 61 ɫ.
6. ȿɮɢɦɨɜ, ɂ. ȿ. ȼɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ / ɂ. ȿ. ȿɮɢɦɨɜ, Ƚ. Ⱥ. ɒɟɪɦɢɧɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɋɜɹɡɶ, 1979. – 232 ɫ.
7. ȿɮɢɦɨɜ, ɂ. ȿ. Ɋɚɞɢɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ /
ɂ. ȿ. ȿɮɢɦɨɜ, Ƚ. Ⱥ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɶɤɨɜɢɱ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɋɜɹɡɶ, 1977. – 408 ɫ.
8. Ⱦɠɭɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ, Ʉ. Ȼ. Ɇɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨ-
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɋȼɑ /
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: Ɍɟɯɧɨɫɮɟɪɚ, 2006. – 216 ɫ.
9. Ʉɚɥɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ, B. C. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɬɬɟɧɸɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɋȼɑ / B. C. Ʉɚɥɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ, Ⱥ. ȼ. ɇɟɝɭɪɟɣ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɋɜɹɡɶ,
1980. – 88 ɫ.
10. Ɇɚɥɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ Ʌ. Ƚ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɋȼɑ / Ʌ. Ƚ. Ɇɚɥɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɋɨɜ. Ɋɚɞɢɨ,
1975. – 216 ɫ.
11. ɉɢɦɟɧɨɜ, ɘ. ȼ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ /
ɘ. ȼ. ɉɢɦɟɧɨɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: Ɋɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ, 2000.
12. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, Ⱦ. Ɇ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɋȼɑ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɜɭɡɨɜ / Ⱦ. Ɇ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɇ. Ƚɪɢɞɢɧ, Ȼ. Ⱥ. Ɇɢɲɭɫɬɢɧ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ:
ȼɵɫɲ. ɲɤ., 1981. – 295 ɫ.
ȼ. ȼɚɦɛɟɪɫɤɢɣ, ȼ. ɉ. Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜ,
Ʉ. Ȼ. Ⱦɠɭɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ.–
148
13. ɋɟɝɧɟɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɋȼɑ / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɉ. Ƚ. ȼɟɧɞɢɤɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɋɨɜ. ɪɚɞɢɨ, 1979. – 272 c.
14. ɋɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɘ. ȿ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɋȼɑ ɢ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵ : ɭɱɟɛ.
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ɘ. ȿ. ɋɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ȼ. Ⱥ. ɋɤɚɱɤɨɜ, Ƚ. ɂ. ɓɟɪɛɚɤɨɜ /
ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. ɘ. ȿ. ɋɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ. – Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ: ɇɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ,
2015. – 196 c.
15.
ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ / ɩɨɞ
ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. Ʌ. Ɏɟɥɶɞɲɬɟɣɧɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɋɜɹɡɶ, 1979. – 336 ɫ.
16. Ɏɟɥɶɞɲɬɟɣɧ, Ⱥ. Ʌ. ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜɨɥɧɨ-
ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ / Ⱥ. Ʌ. Ɏɟɥɶɞɲɬɟɣɧ, Ʌ. Ɋ. əɜɢɱ, ȼ. ɉ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɋɨɜ. ɪɚɞɢɨ, 1967. – 652 ɫ.
17. ɏɢɠɚ, Ƚ. ɋ. ɋȼɑ-ɮɚɡɨɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ /
Ƚ. ɋ. ɏɢɠɚ, ɂ
. Ȼ. ȼɟɧɞɢɤ, ȿ. Ⱥ. ɋɟɪɟɛɪɹɤɨɜɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: Ɋɚɞɢɨ ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɶ, 1984. – 184 ɫ.
18. ɑɨɧɢ, ɘ. ɂ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
ɋȼɑ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ Microwave Office – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ: ɋɯɟɦɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ɘ. ɂ. ɑɨɧɢ. – Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ:
ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ʉɚɡɚɧ. ɝɨɫ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, 2010. – 84 ɫ.
149
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ...................................................................................................... 3
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 1. Ʌɂɇɂɂ ɉȿɊȿȾȺɑɂ ɋȼɑ ......................................................... 6
§ 1.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ .................................................................... 6
§ 1.2. ɉɨɥɟ ɜ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ ............................. 9
§ 1.3. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ............................................... 13
§ 1.4. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ .................................. 17
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ .............................................................................. 20
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 2. ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɌȿɈɊɂɂ ɐȿɉȿɃ ɋȼɑ .......................................... 21
§ 2.1. ɂɦɩɟɞɚɧɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ......................... 21
§ 2.2. ɇɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ........................................................... 28
§ 2.3. Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ
ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɸɫɧɢɤɨɜ ..................................................................................... 32
§ 2.4. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ
ɋȼɑ-ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ .......................................................................................... 36
§ 2.5. Ɇɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɸɫɧɢɤɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɦɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ................................................................................................. 42
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ .............................................................................. 45
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 3. ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɕ ɋȼɑ-ɌɊȺɄɌɈȼ ................................................. 47
§ 3.1. Ʉɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɵ ..................................................................... 47
3.1.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ......................... 47
3.1.2. ɂɡɝɢɛɵ, ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɵ ........................................................................ 52
3.1.3. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ............................... 53
3.1.4. Ɋɚɡɴɟɦɵ ......................................................................................... 54
3.1.5. ȼɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ .......................................................... 54
3.1.6. ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ .......................................... 56
§ 3.2. ɉɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɵ ........................................................................ 57
§ 3.3. Ɍɪɚɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɚɯ ......................................... 59
3.3.1. ɂɡɝɢɛɵ, ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɵ, ɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ......................................................... 59
3.3.2. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɨɜ .............................................................. 60
3.3.3. Ɋɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
3.3.4. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ .................... 63
3.3.5. ȼɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɬɬɟɧɸɚɬɨɪɵ ......................................................... 64
§ 3.4. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɚɯ .................................. 65
3.4.1. ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɦ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɟ ............. 65
3.4.2. ȼɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ........................................................... 67
ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɨɜ ............................................................ 61
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ
150
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