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Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
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Ⱥ. Ɇ. ɉȺɊȺɆɈɇɈȼ
ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ȼɈȾɈɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄɂ ȼ ɌȿɉɅɈɗɇȿɊȽȿɌɂɄȿ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
2024
ɍȾɄ 628.194:621.1
ȻȻɄ 31.370.4
ɉ18
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɞ. ɬ. ɧ., ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ȼ. Ɇ. Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ;
ɞ. ɬ. ɧ., ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ȼ. Ɋ. ȼɟɞɪɭɱɟɧɤɨ
ɉɚɪɚɦɨɧɨɜ, Ⱥ. Ɇ.
ɉ18 Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ /
Ⱥ. Ɇ. ɉɚɪɚɦɨɧɨɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2024. – 120 ɫ. :
ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-1683-2
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ. Ⱦɚɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ, ɡɚɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ 13.03.01 «Ɍɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ».
ɍȾɄ 628.194:621.1
ȻȻɄ 31.370.4
ISBN 978-5-9729-1683-2 ɉɚɪɚɦɨɧɨɜ Ⱥ. Ɇ., 2024
Ɉɦɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2024
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2024
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2024
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ...................................................................................................................... 5
1. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ........................................................................ 9
1.1. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ........................................................................ 9
1.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ .......................................... 11
1.3. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ .......................................... 15
1.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ............................................... 17
1.5. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ................................................... 20
2. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ................................................................................................................. 23
2.1. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ..................................................................................... 23
2.2. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ .......................................................................................... 24
2.3. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ..................................................................................... 28
2.4. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ................................. 29
2.5. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɥɨɟɦ
ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ...................................................... 31
3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ .................... 34
3.1. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ........................................ 34
3.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ................... 35
3.3. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ................................................................. 38
4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ................................................ 41
4.1. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ .............................................................. 41
4.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ............................................... 43
4.3. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ .................. 44
4.4. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ................................ 46
5. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ .............................................. 50
5.1. Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ ................................................................................. 50
5.2. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ............................................................................................................. 51
5.3. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ................................................... 53
5.4. ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɵ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɵ ...................................................... 55
6. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ .................................. 58
6.1. ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ .............................................................. 58
6.2. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ .......................... 63
3
6.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ .................................................................................................................. 65
6.4. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ... 72
7. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ........................................... 76
7.1. Ⱦɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ................................................... 76
7.2. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ................................................... 81
7.3. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ................... 83
7.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ................................ 86
8. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ....................................................... 89
8.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ................................................. 89
8.2. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ .................................... 89
8.3. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ .................................................................................... 93
9. Ȼɟɡɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ......................................................... 98
9.1. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɦɨɫ ............................................................................................. 98
9.2. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɚɥɢɡ .............................................................................................. 100
9.3. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ
ɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ....................................................................................................... 103
10. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɨɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ
ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ..................................................................... 106
11. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ................ 110
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ............................................................................................................. 114
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ................................................................................ 115
4
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȼɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɤɚɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ
ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɪ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɟɟ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ (H2O) ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɟɡ ɟɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɂɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɬɪɭɛ, ɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ:
1 – ɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ; 2 – ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 3 – ɧɚɤɢɩɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ;
q – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
ȼ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟ-
5
ɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɧɚɤɢɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ,
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ȼɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ:
– ɤɚɤ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɵ, ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɤɚɤ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
– ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨ-
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ
(Ɍɗɐ) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2.
ȼ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ:
í ɫɵɪɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (Ⱦ
), ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨ-
ɢɫɯ
ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ;
í ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (Ⱦ
), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ȼɉɍ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɵ-
ɞ.ɜ
ɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ Ɍɗɐ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ;
í ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ (Ⱦ
), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɬ.ɤ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, í ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ;
í ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ (Ⱦ
) ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɉɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ.ɤ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ;
í ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (Ⱦ
), ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɵ, ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚ-
ɩ.ɜ
ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɯ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
6
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ, ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ
ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
í ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɗɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚɯ
ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
í ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (Ⱦ
). ɗɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ, ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɩɪ
ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɚɯ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ;
í ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (Ⱦ
). Ɉɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧ-
ɨ.ɜ
ɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ;
í ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (Ⱦ
). Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜ.ɩ
ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ:
1 í ɤɨɬɟɥ; 2 í ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 4 í ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 5, 15, 16, 19 í ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɟ
ɧɚɫɨɫɵ; 3 í ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 6 í ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ;
7 í ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 8 í ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 9 í ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 10, 11, 12
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ; 14 í ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 20 í ɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ;
17, 18 í ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɚɪɚ; 21 í ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ;
22 í ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 23 í ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ (ȼɉɍ)
í ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 13 í ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɉɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ:
7
– ɜ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɟ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɞɭɜɤɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɨɥɵ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɯ;
– ɜ ɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ;
– ɩɪɢ ɡɚɛɨɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɨɨɬɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ;
– ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɜ ɛɚɤɚɯ, ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ, ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨ-
ɜɨɞɚɯ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɵ-
ɲɚɬɶ 2–3 % ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 50 % ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɬɚ-
ɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɚ.
8
1. ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕɏ ȼɈȾ
1.1. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɭɸ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ,
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɭɸ. Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ – ɷɬɨ ɞɨɠɞɶ, ɬɭɦɚɧ, ɫɧɟɝ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɤɚɯ, ɨɡɟɪɚɯ, ɩɪɭɞɚɯ, ɛɨɥɨɬɚɯ. ɉɨɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɚɪɬɟɡɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟɜ. Ɇɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. ɂɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ.
ɂɫɩɚɪɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɋɬɟɤɚɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɷɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɚɪɬɟɡɢɚɧɫɤɭɸ. Ƚɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɹ
ɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ Ɂɟɦɥɢ
ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɥɸɱɢ, ɪɭɱɶɢ, ɪɟɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɪɭɫɥɚɯ ɪɟɤ ɤ ɨɡɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɦɨɪɹɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ.
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ).
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ (Ɉ
ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. ȼ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɫɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ
ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɠɢ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 50 ɦɝ/ɤɝ. ɉɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɜɨɞɚ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɫɨɥɹɦɢ (NaCl, Na
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɫɟɪɚ,
ɚɡɨɬ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ) ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ, ɫɟɪɧɭɸ,
ɚɡɨɬɧɭɸ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ
– ɷɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɪɟɣ, ɨɤɟɚɧɨɜ. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɟɣ, ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ, ɪɟɤ, ɛɨɥɨɬ, ɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ
ɜɨɞɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥɪɬɟɡɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɝɥɭ-
ɉɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ
Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɧɚ
, N2 ɋɈ2), ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
2
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ
, MgSO4, CaCO3, ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ), ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɢ.
2SO4
9
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ
ɫɨɥɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ.
CaCO H CO ɋɚ ɇɋ 2Ɉ(Oɋ)Cɚ H
MgCO H CO Mg ɇɋ 2Ɉ(OM)CgH
FeCO H CO Fe ɇɋ 2Ɉ(OF)CeH
RR
33 32 32
RR
33 32 32
RR
33 32 32
2
2
2
;
; (1.1)
.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ,
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚɦ ɝɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɟɤ, ɨɡɟɪ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ. ȼ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ
ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɡɢɦɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɢɯ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ. ȼ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ
ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ȼ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɚɜɨɞɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ (ɨɬ
ɬɚɹɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ). ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɷɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɝɨɞɚ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɤɚɦɢ
ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ:
– ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ;
– ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ;
– ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɡɚ-
ɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ.
ɏɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
10
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