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Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
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ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ. Ʉɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɡɚɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ:
ɪɨɦ
(ɤ-ɬ) ɢ ɤɨɥɢ-ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ (ɤ-ɢ). Ʉɨɥɢ-ɬɢɬɪ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɧ-
ɤɨɥɢ-ɬɢɬ-
ɬɢɦɟɬɪɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɚ. Ʉɨɥɢ-ɢɧɞɟɤɫ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɨɱɟɤ ɜ 1 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜɨɞɵ.
ȽɈɋɌ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɵ: ɤɨɥɢɬɢɬɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 300, ɤɨɥɢ-ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 3.
ȼ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɟɣ) ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ
ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɨɧɨɦ
. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɧɬɨɫɨɦ.
ɮɢɬɨɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧ, ɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɨɩɥɚɧɤ-
ȼ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɠɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɡɨɨ- ɢ ɮɢɬɨɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧ, ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɟɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.
ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
2.
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ.
3.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ.
4.
5.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
6.
7.
ɂɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ.
8.
9.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ.
10.
21
11. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɪɢ-
12.
ɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
13.
14.
ɓɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ.
ɀɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ-
15.
ɫɬɢ.
16.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ.
17.
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ.
22
2. ɉɊȿȾȼȺɊɂɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄȺ ȼɈȾɕ
ɇȺ ȼɈȾɈɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɕɏ ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȺɏ
2.1. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ (ȼɉɍ),
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ
ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɩɪɟɞɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ)
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ
ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɟɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ (ɜ 4–
6 ɪɚɡ) ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50
ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɚɥɢɡɨɦ. ɇɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɤɢɩɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ
ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ
ɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ,
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ».
Ɉɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɢɡ
ɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (ɞɨ 85 %). Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ.
Ɉɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟ-
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-
ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ
ɦɤɝ/ɤɝ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɟ ɨɬɫɬɚ-
ɜɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɭ-
23
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 1–100 ɦɤɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɧɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɩɪɟɞɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ (ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ,
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɥɨɩɶɟɜ). ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ-ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
2.2. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ
ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɛɵɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ
ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ.
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ
ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ
24
ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ, ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɨɧɢ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ.
ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɹɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ. Ɋɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ.
ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɹ, ɦ
3/ɦ3
– ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ:
V
ɩɨɪ
ɝɞɟ V
í ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ;
ɩɨɪ
= V
+ V
V
ɫɥ
ɩɨɪ
V
í ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɬ.ɮ
í ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ;
ɬ.ɮ
İV , (2.1)
ɫɥ
ɂɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (2.1) ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ:
a
ɬ.ɮ
ɝɞɟ ɚ
ɬ.ɮ
ɢ ȡ
í ɧɚɫɵɩɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɬ.ɮ
ɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ:
aV
ɬ.ɮ
G
İ 1ȡ
ɬ.ɮ
ɢ
ɫɥ
ȡV
, (2.2)
ɬ.ɮ
G
ɬ.ɮ
(G
í ɦɚɫɫɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ).
ɬ.ɮ
ɬ.ɮ
ɬ.ɮ
ɀɢɜɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ í ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɬɟɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ:
F
ɝɞɟ Fɚɩ ɢ Ȉ F
í ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɬ.ɮ
= Fɚɩ í Ȉ F
ɠ.ɫ
, (2.3)
ɬ.ɮ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ:
F
ɠ.ɫ
İF . (2.4)
s
ɚɩ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ İ = İ
ɝɞɟ h
.
s
V
ɩɨɪ
Fh , (2.5)
ɠ.ɫ
ɫɥ
í ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɫɥ
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɫɥɨɹ í ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ «ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ» ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɵ-
2
ɫɨɬɭ ɫɥɨɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɦ
:
S
= ɪ Â hɫɥ. (2.6)
ɡ.ɫɥ
25
«ɋɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ» ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪ – ɷɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ ɨɦɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
2/ɦ3
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɫɥɨɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɫɥɨɹ, ɦ
S
ɡ.ɫɥ
ɢɥɢ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɦ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ S
ɢ
Sc, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ
o
ɡ.ɫɥ
c
S
, (2.7)
ɡ.ɫɥ
V
SV
o
ɫɥ
S
ɡ.ɫɥ
. (2.8)
ɬ.ɮ
2/ɦ3
:
:
ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ:
c
SS1İ
. (2.9)
ɡ.ɫɥ o
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɚɪɨɜɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɬɨ:
61 İ
ɝɞɟ d í ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɫɥɨɹ.
ɡ.ɫɥ
d
c
S
6
Sd , (2.10)
;
o
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ (2.10) ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ d.
ɝɞɟ g
í ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ di.
i
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ (Į
1g
dd
). ɗɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɬɥɢ-
ɮ
i
, (2.11)
¦
i
i
ɱɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ:
3
d
v
ɝɞɟ d
í ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɲɚɪɚ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ V ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ
v
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (
6V
3
d S);
v
Įdd
ɮ
, (2.12)
2
sc
d
í ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɲɚɪɚ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ S ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ-
s
S
2
ɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (
d
í ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɫɢɬɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭ-
c
d S);
s
ɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɫɢɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ.
26
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ. ɗɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ «ɠɢɜɨɝɨ» ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ:
F
rɪ
ɝ
ɠ.ɫ
. (2.13)
ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɥɨɹ (d
). ɗɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ
ɷ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ:
d
ɤ
; dɷ = 4rɝ. (2.14)
r4
ɝ
ɂɡɜɢɥɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɥɨɹ:
l
0
Ɍl
, (2.15)
ɝɞɟ l í ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ;
í ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɪɵ ɫɥɨɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
l
0
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ș. ɗɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ:
d
80
ɝɞɟ d
ɢ d10 í ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɫɢɬ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɛɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
80
K , (2.16)
d
10
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, 80 ɢ 10 % ɡɟɪɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɚɧɬɪɚɰɢɬ, ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ Ʉɍ-2, ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬ, ɫɭɥɶɮɨɭɝɨɥɶ, ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɟɪɟɧ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
27
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ
ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɪɚɰɢɬ, ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɞɢɜɢɧɢɥɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ ɢ ɫɬɢɪɨɥɚ. Ɉɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚ
ɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɜɨɞɵ.
2.3. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ȼ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ-
ɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ:
– ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ;
– ɚɞɝɟɡɢɸ (ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɟ) ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ɉɛɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ.
Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ
ɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɑɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ.
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢ
ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɞ ɥɨɛɨɜɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɡɚ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ
28
ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬ-
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɠɢɜɨɟ
. ɇɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚ-
-
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ.
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ-
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ. 2.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɫɜɨɞɢɤɨɜ»
ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,1–0,3 ɦ.
2.4. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɪɟɧ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ
ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɧɞɟɪ-ɜɚɚɥɶɫɨɜɵɯ
ɫɢɥ ɩɨ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ, ɢɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɝɨ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɟɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɢɥɵ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ.
ɡɧɚɤɢ
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ɉɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɟɪɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ – ɷɬɨ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɚɧɞɟɪ-ɜɚɚɥɶɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ
ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɡɨɧɭ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɗɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɨɣɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɨɣ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɟɪɧɚɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
«ɫɜɨɞɢɤɨɜ», ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɗɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɥɨɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɍɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɨɦ.
ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫɪɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ
ɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɫɥɨɢ. ɂɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɪɵɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɋ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɰɢɟɣ
, ɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨ-
ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ-
ɜɢɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
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