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Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
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ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ
(ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɬɚ), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɩɟɪɜɢɱ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɟɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ
ɭɞɨɪɨɠɚɧɢɸ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɉɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɱɚɳɟ –
ɩɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 8.2. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɸ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ, ɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ.
ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɹɯ (Ɍɗɐ) ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ
ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚ Ʉɗɋ (ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ) ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɚɪɚ (1–3 %) ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɛɪɨɫɚɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɫɟɣ ɢ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ.
ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ, ɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ.
ɉɚɪ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ
ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ, ɨɰɟɧɢɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɋ
ɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɋ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
Ɋ
ɝɞɟ Ɋ
– ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (Ɋ
ɩ.ɜ
Ɋ
– ɩɚɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ.
ɩ
ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ Ɋɩɪ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩ.ɜ
ɩ.ɜ ɋɩ.ɜ
ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɜ.ɢ
= Ɋɩ ɋɩ + Ɋɩɪ ɋ
= Ɋɩ + Ɋɩɪ);
ɩ.ɜ
, (8.1)
ɜ.ɢ
91
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɋɩ = 0,
(Ɋ
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ
+ Ɋɩɪ)ɋ
ɩ
ɋ
ɜ.ɢ
ɋ
ɩ.ɜ
= Ɋɩɪ ɋ
ɩ.ɜ
Ɋ
ɩɪ
,
ɜ.ɢ
ɊɊ
ɩɪɩ
. (8.2)
ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɚ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ (ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ
2–
2+
, Mg2+, ɋɈ
ɋɚ
ɦɨɫɬɢ ɋɚɋɈ
, CaSO4 ɢ Mg(OH)2 , ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩ-
3
3
2–
, SɈ
, Ɉɇ– ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢ-
4
ɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ. ɇɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ.
ȼ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ, ɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ «ɮɥɟɲ». Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ 100 °ɋ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8.3).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8.3. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ
ɫ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ
92
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ 1, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ
3. ɐɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ 5 ɡɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ
6, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɜɨɞɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɩɥɨ 2
ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɨɫɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɦ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ
8 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɢ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɜɨɞɵ. ɋɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ
ɫɬɢɥɥɹɬ ɨɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ
4, ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚ-
7. Ⱦɢ-
ɬɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɚɪɚ.
ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ. ȼ ɨɩɪɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ 30–40. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɠɟ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɨɧɚ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ-ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ.
8.3. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
Ɉɩɵɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ Į ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɇɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ (
ɬɨɧɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɭɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ (
ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɜɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ;
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɨɪɚɥɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɭɫɬɢɤɚ; ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ «ɤɭɫɬɢɤɚ» ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ.
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ
).
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɢ-
93
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ȼɟɡɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ Ʌɚɧɠɟɥɶɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɬɚɤ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ-ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɪɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ, ɦɪɚɦɨɪ, ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ.
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,8–2 ɦɟɬɪɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɨɥɚ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 35 ɦ/ɱ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ
ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɧɚ 80–90 %. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɟ ɟɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɛɚɦ, ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɡɚɪɹɞɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɡɚɡɨɪɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚɋɈ
ɢɡ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
3
ɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ, ɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɲɥɚɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦ,
ɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɭ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚɋɈ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ
3
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ,
94
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɨɬɫɥɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧ.
ɉɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭ-
ɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ.
–
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɢɨɧɵ ɋɚ
2+
, ɇɋɈ
, ɋɈ
3
2–
, ɋɈ2, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
3
ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ», ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ Ʌɚɧɠɟɥɶɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ
ɮɚɤɬ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɇ
ɪɟɡ Y ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɇ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ Ʌɚɧɠɟɥɶɟ:
ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɪɇ
ɮɚɤɬ
– ɪɇ
ɪɚɜɧ
ɪɚɜɧ
ɪɚɜɧ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟ-
= Y. (8.3)
ɪɇ
ɮɚɤɬ
. Ɋɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɪɢ Y = 0 ɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚ, ɩɪɢ Y < 0 ɨɧɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɚ, ɩɪɢ Y > 0 ɜɨɞɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ
ɤ ɧɭɥɸ. Ɂɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
(ɪɇ
ɮɚɤɬ
= f1(ɓ) ɢ ɪɇ
ɪɚɜɧ
= f2(ɓ)), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (ɦɝ/ɤɝ):
100
d ǻɓ ɟ
ɤ
, (8.4)
ɪ
ɝɞɟ ɟ – ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ;
ɪ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, %.
Ⱦɨɡɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 70–90 % ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɟɪɟɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
95
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ NaHSO4 ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ
ɫ ɢɨɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɜɟɫɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ȼ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟ-
ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ-ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɤ (ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ). Ɉɧɢ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɦɭɸ
ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ (1–20 ɦɝ/ɤɝ), ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ
ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɜɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɹ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɸ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ-ɩɟɩɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ-ɚɧɬɢɧɚɤɢɩɢɧɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɢɰɟɥɥ
ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɟɤɫɚɦɟɬɚɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na(NaPO
ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-
3)6
ɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ (ɞɨ 120 °ɋ) ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɧɚɤɢɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɚɤɪɢɥɨɜɭɸ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɫɨɥɢ ɗȾɌɄ (ɬɪɢɥɨɧ Ȼ), ɫɭɥɶɮɨɧɨɥ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ (ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ – ɫɟɪɧɨɣ, ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ, ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ, ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɬɪɭɛɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɟɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ (ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɫɞɭɜɤɢ) ɢɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ CO
. ɋɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟ-
2
ɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɭ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɟɟ ɪɇ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
96
1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
2.
3.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
4.
5.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
6.
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ.
7.
8.
ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚ-
9.
ɧɨɜɨɤ.
10.
Ȼɟɡɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɯɢ-
11.
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫ-
12.
ɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚ-
13.
ɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
97
9. ȻȿɁɊȿȺȽȿɇɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ȼɈȾɕ
9.1. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɦɨɫ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ – ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɨɬɫɟɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɇ
ɜɨɞɭ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ), ɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɨɬɫɟɤ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ), ɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ) ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɇ
Ɉ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɨɬɫɟɤɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
2
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫ ɢɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɫɟɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɨɬɫɟɤɟ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɚɦ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ
ɜɨɞɵ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ) ɢ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ
ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɨɬɫɟɤɚɯ ǻɪ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɟɤɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ (ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ
ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɋ ɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
iRTC
ɪM , (9.1)
ɝɞɟ i = 1 + Į – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ (Į – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ);
Ɇ – ɦɚɫɫɚ 1 ɦɨɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ;
R – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɨɫɦɨɫɨɦ, ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɨɬɫɟɤɟ
(ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ) ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ
ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɨɫɦɨɫɭ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɨɬɫɟɤ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 9.1).
ɰɟɫɫ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɨɬɫɟɤɟ.
Ɉ, ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɨɬɫɟɤ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ
2
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨ-
98
ɚ ɛ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 9.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ:
ɚ – ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɨɫɦɨɫ; ɛ – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɦɨɫ
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɭɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ,
ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɝɢɞɪɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɩɨɪɢɬɫɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɵ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ
, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ (ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ. ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɛɵɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢɡ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɨɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ. Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɟ
ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 9.2), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 0,25–0,5 ɦɤɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 150 ɦɤɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɪ 0,1–1 ɦɤɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ.
99
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 9.2. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ:
1 – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ; 2 – ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɫɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɫɥɨɟɦ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɬɢɩɚ ɆȽȺ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɆȽɗ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɥɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɆȽɉ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɆȽȺ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɪɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɪɢ ɪɇ = 5–8, ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɆȽɗ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɪɇ = 1–14, ɆȽɉ – ɞɥɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɫ ɪɇ = 1–12 ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 150 °ɋ.
9.2. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɚɥɢɡ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɚɥɢɡ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
ɚ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ – ɤ ɚɧɨɞɭ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
+
ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ Ɉɇ–, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɞɜɢɠɭɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɨɞɭ,
++
2ɇ 2ɟ 2ɇ; 2ɇ ɇ ;Na +e Na; + onoo
2Na + 2H O 2Na + 2OH + H .on
22
2
–
(9.2)
Ⱥɧɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
–
4Ɉɇ – 4ɟ 2ɇɈ + 2Ɉ; 2Ɉ Ɉ ;oon
–
2Cl – 2e 2Cl; 2Cl Cl ;ono
2Cl + H O 2H + 2Cl + O.o
22
2
2
+–
100
(9.3)
(9.4)
(9.5)
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