Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
.pdf
7.2. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ CO2 ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ
ɝɚɡɚ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɬɶ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɯ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ Ƚɟɧɪɢ – Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢ-
ɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 7.2.
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 7.2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
Ⱦɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɤ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
2, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɨɤ, ɭɥɨ-
1,
ɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɫ ɡɚɡɨɪɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ Ɋɚɲɢɝɚ.
81
ȼɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ 4. ɋɨ ɳɢɬɚ 6 ɨɧɚ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɥɚ
5 ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ
ɜɨɞɚ ɨɦɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɧɚɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɟɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ,
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ
7. ɍɞɚɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɢɡ
ɜɨɞɵ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ
ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɢɡ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɚ
3. ɉɪɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɨɧ
8 ɜ ɛɚɤ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢ-
ɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɧɢɳɟɦ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
ɞɨ 3–7 ɦɝ/ɤɝ.
ȼ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠɧɨɦ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
2 ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɛɚɪ-
ɛɨɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɭ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɫɧɢɡɭ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ
ɜɨɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɠɚɬɵɣ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-
ɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ) ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɫ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɟɰ Ɋɚɲɢɝɚ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɟɰ Ɋɚɲɢɝɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜ-
3
ɧɨɣ 60 ɦ
ɝɞɟ Q – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦ3/ɱ.
/(ɦ2Âɱ).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦ
Q
f
, (7.3)
60
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
4f
Ⱦ
. (7.4)
3,14
2
:
82
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
G
F
k ǻɋ
, (7.5)
ɠɫɪ
ɝɞɟ G – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɝ/ɱ;
– ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɤɝ/ɦ3;
ǻɋ
ɫɪ
k
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɦ/ɱ.
ɠ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ G ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ – ɋ
ɛɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ – ɋ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɜɯ = 44ɀɤ + ɋ
ɝɞɟ ɀ
– ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ;
ɤ
ɋ
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɝ/ɤɝ.
ɧɚɱ
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ:
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɥɶɰɚɦɢ Ɋɚɲɢɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ.
ɜɵɯ
:
QC ɋ
G
ɜɯ ɜɵɯ
. (7.6)
1000
,
ɧɚɱ
V
hf , (7.7)
F
V
, (7.8)
204
, ɢ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪ-
ɜɯ
ɝɞɟ 204 – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɟɰ Ɋɚ-
2/ɦ3
ɲɢɝɚ, ɦ
.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ 25%-ɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ.
7.3. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
(ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ), ɧɨ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
ɜ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ,
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.
ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɜɚɠɧɵ ɩɪɢ
83
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ) ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ). ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɜɨɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ – ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ
ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɹɹ ɢɯ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɞɨɤɫ-ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ. Ɋɟɞɨɤɫ-ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ
ɇɨɪɧɫɬɚ:
ka
EE ln
, (7.9)
0
n ɚ
ɨɤɢɫɥ.
ɜɨɫɫɬ.
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɝɞɟ n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
k – ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ;
– ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɤɢɫ-
ȿ
0
ɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦ.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟ-
ɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɵ MnO
–
ɢ Cr2O
4
2–
, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚ-
7
ɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɬɨɪ, ɨɡɨɧ ɢ ɯɥɨɪ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɨɝɨɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ
ɜ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɫ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɟɬɹɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɨɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ.
Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ, ɤɚɤ
ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ, ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ.
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ:
23 2 2 4
.2Na SO + O 2Na SOo
(7.10)
84
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 80 °ɋ
N
ɢ ɪɇ 8. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (3–6 Ɇɉɚ) ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɜɵɲɟ 275 °ɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 6 Ɇɉɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
aSO +HO 2NaOH+SOR
23 2 2
.
(7.11)
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɨɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧ-ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚ (N
 H2O), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɨɥɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ:
2H4
.NHāHO+O 3HO+No
24 2 2 2 2
(7.12)
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 105 °ɋ, ɪɇ = 9–9,5 ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ 0,02 ɦɝ/ɤɝ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ 2–3 ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɪɇ < 7 ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ. ɉɪɢ ɪɇ = 9–11 ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚ
ɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ 25–100 ɪɚɡ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
ȼ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ:
3N ɇ 4NH + N .o
24 3 2
(7.13)
ȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ɫ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɇ
:
2
3N H 2NH + 3H + 2N .o
24 3 2 2
(7.14)
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɦɭ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ (ɗɂ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ
. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɇɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɦɨɥɚɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ
ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɨɧɢɬɚ.
-
85
7.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɚɤɟ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ 3–6 % ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɚɣɛɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɨɡɭ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ 1 ɦ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɝɞɟ g – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɚ, ɝ/ɦ3;
(Na
ɡɢɧɝɢɞɪɚɬɚ. Ƚɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɝɢɞɪɚɬ N
ɸɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦ
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ƚɢɞɪɚɡɢɧ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 40 %, ɝɨɪɸɱ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ 64%-ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɪɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ
ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɉɚɪɵ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɵɣ
ɫ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɨɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ȿɝɨ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɭ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
g
ɝɞɟ gɝ – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɝɢɞɪɚɬɚ, ɦɝ/ɤɝ;
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ, ɦɝ/ɤɝ.
ɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɉɇȾ). Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ 100%-ɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ij, ɦɝ/ɤɝ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɛɚɤ
ɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
3
ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ
8C k
O
2
g,
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɝ/ɦ3;
ɋ
Ɉ
2
k – ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ (2–3 ɝ/ɦ
3
);
ȡ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na
ā 7H2O), ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 0,88 ɞɨɥɟɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ.
2SO3
(7.15)
ȡ
ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɟ
2SO3
ɉɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɢɞɪɚ-
ā H2O – ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚ-
2H4
ɩɨɤɪɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɫɜɹ-
= 3C1 + 0,3ɋ2 – 0,15ɋ3, (7.16)
ɝ
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫɨ-
ɋ
1–ɋ3
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ: ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚ-
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟ-
g ȾIJ
ɝ
1000
,
M (7.17)
86
ɝɞɟ Ⱦ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ3/ɱ;
IJ – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɡɚɪɹɞɤɚɦɢ ɛɚɤɚ, ɱ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ 10 ɦ3 ɛɚɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ 20%-ɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ
(ȽɊɗɋ) ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 3600 Ɇȼɬ.
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ d, ɤɝ/ɱ,
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Ⱦg
ɝ
ɝɞɟ ɋ
d
– ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɝ/ɤɝ.
ɝ
, (7.18)
ɋ
ɝ
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ
ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ 0,03–0,06 ɦɝ/ɤɝ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚ (ɗɂ).
ɗɂ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɤ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɸ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɞɨ 60–80 °ɋ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ 1 ɝ/ɤɝ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɨ 5–20 ɦɤɝ/ɤɝ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɫɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɡɠɟɥɟɡɢɜɚɧɢɸ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɟɬɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ƚɟɧɪɢ – Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
2.
ɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɤɚɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɪɚ-
3.
ɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
87
4. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɢɩɵ (ɜɢɞɵ) ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢ-
5.
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
6.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨ-
ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟ-
7.
ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ.
8.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
Ⱦɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨ-
9.
ɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨ-
10.
ɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
11.
12.
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ
13.
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
14.
ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
15.
ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
88
8. ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ȼɈȾɕ ɆȿɌɈȾȺɆɂ ȾɂɋɌɂɅɅəɐɂɂ
8.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ (ɨɩɪɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ) ɜɨɞ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɥɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɛɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɟɡ
ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ (ɜɨɞɵ) ɜ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ȼɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ)». Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧ-
«
ɰɢɩɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ 100 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɩɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɫɢɥɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ
ɤɢɩɟɬɶ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ. ɂɨɧɵ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ
ɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ (ɜɨɞɭ) ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ.
8.2. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ
Ⱦɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɹ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ) ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ
ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ. ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ: ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟ-
89
ɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ. ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8.1). ȼ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8.2) ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɚɦ
ɠɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ:
1 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ; 2 – ɝɪɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɟɤɰɢɹ; 3 – ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ;
4 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ (ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ) ɩɚɪɚ; 5 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 6 – ɥɢɧɢɹ
ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ;
8 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ; 9 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ; 10 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɬɚ
7 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ:
1 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɝɪɟɸɳɭɸ ɫɟɤɰɢɸ; 2–4 – ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, 1–3 ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ;
7 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ; 8 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
9 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 10 – ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ
5 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ; 6 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ;
90
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]