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Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
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4. ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉɊȿȾȼȺɊɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ȼɈȾɕ
4.1. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ
Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ – ɷɬɨ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ȿɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ
ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ: ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɩɶɟɜ, ɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
Ⱦɨɡɵ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ, ɜɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ, ɡɚɛɢɪɚɟɦɭɸ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ:
– ɞɥɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ Al
– ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ FeSO
(SO4)3 – 0,5–1,2 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ;
2
– 0,1–0,5 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ.
4
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɪɇ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ OHí ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H+.
ɉɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 5,5–7,5 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ Al
(SO4)3 ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɤɫɢɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4.1).
Al
2
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
(SO4)3. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɇ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨɦ
2
Al OH ɇAlO H OR
3
22
AlHlO H OA
R
22
.
AlO
. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɫ-
2
ɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 5,5 ɞɨ 6,0.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɭɦɚɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
41
ɜɨ-
(4.1)
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4.1. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ
ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ Al
(SO4)3 (ɪ) ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɵ
2
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɯɥɨɩɶɟɜ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ Al2(SO4)3 ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 25–30 °ɋ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ. Ɏɥɨɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ
ɜɨɞɭ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɯɥɨɩɶɟɜ.
Ɏɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ
ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɚ ɢɨɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɟ. ɂɡ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ; ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɦɟɬɢɥɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɵ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧ-
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɚɤɪɢɥɚɦɢɞ (ɉȺȺ). Ɉɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɬɨɜ
ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɨɦ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɚɤɪɢɥɚɦɢɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 0,5–1,5 ɦɝ ɧɚ 100 ɦɝ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɉɨɥɢɚɤɪɢɥɚɦɢɞ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɜɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ 1,5–2 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ.
42
4.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɞɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɨɞɟ
ɜ ɧɟɟ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
Ca OH
. Ƚɚɲɟɧɚɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ («ɝɚ-
2
ɲɟɧɢɟɦ») ɧɟɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɋɚɈ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ. Ȼɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ
HCO, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢ-
3
ɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
Ca OH ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚɋɈ
2
ɳɢɣ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 9,5.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ:
– ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
Ca OH , ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢ-
2
ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɵ:
2
Ca OH Ca 2OH
2
R ; (4.2)
. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ
, ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸ-
3
– ɝɢɞɪɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
2
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
CO HO 2OH CO 2HO
o ; (4.3)
22 3 2
– ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
HCO OH CO H O
332
o ; (4.4)
2
HCO:
2
3
– ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ:
22
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ Ca(OH)
ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ OH
ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ Mg
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
Ca CO CaCO
o p. (4.5)
33
2
2+
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ-
Mg(OH) , ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ:
2
Mg 2OH Mg(OH)
o p. (4.6)
2
2
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ
43
FeSO 7H O
42
OH
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ Fe(OH)3 ɩɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
. ȿɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ Ɉ2 ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ
4FeSO O 2H O 8OH 4Fe(OH) 4SO
o . (4.7)
42 2 3 4
2
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ (4.2)–(4.7), ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
Ca OH . ɉɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɚ-
2
ɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
Mg(OH) . ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
2
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɭɸ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
222
Mg 2Cl SO Ca(OH) Mg(OH) Ca 2Cl SO
o . (4.8)
42 2 4
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
ɫɱɟɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
Mg(OH) ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ 30 % ɡɚ
HSiO
2
-
.
3
4.3. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶɸ
ɋɚ(Ɉɇ)
. ɐɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɠɟɫɬ-
2
ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.2.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ:
1 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 2 – ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ;
3 – ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɶ; 4 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ; 5 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ;
6 – ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 7 – ɧɚɫɨɫ; 8 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ;
9 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ; 10 – ɫɛɪɨɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ
ɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ;
11 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɚɪɚ; 12 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɚ
44
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ
ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 30 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ
ɥɢɬɟɥɶ
3. ȼ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɋɚ(Ɉɇ)
ɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɚɦɢ OH
ɰɢɹ ɋɚ
2+
, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ
CO
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚɋɈ
ɥɢɧɢɸ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ
10. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚ
ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɋɚɋɈ
.
3
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ
3
2+
ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ: ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɭɯɨɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 10 ɦɝ/ɤɝ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɦɝ/ɤɝ. ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜɨɞɵ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɇɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 1,5 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɟ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ). ɉɪɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɪ-
2
ɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
ɧɨɣ ɫɨɞɨɣ Na
CO
, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧ-
3
ɢ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶɸ ɋɚ(Ɉɇ)2.
2CO3
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɞɵ ɢ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
(ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
– ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ (Ⱦ
í ɤɚɥɶɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɞɵ (Ⱦ
) ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ:
ɢ
ɢɫɯ ɢɫɯ ɨɫɬ
Ⱦɋ ɋ ɋ Ⱦ
ɢɋɈ ɤ
2
Ⱦɀ ɋ Ⱦnn
ɢɫɯ ɢɫɯ
ɫɨ ɤɢɫ
ɇɋɈ ɇɋɈ
33
) ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
ɫ
ɇɋɈ
3
2 ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɜɟɬ-
. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵ-
2
ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɥɶ-
2
. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɫɨ-
3
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
, (4.9)
, (4.10)
45
ɝɞɟ Ⱦɤ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ;
– ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɞɵ;
n
ɫ
n
– ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ;
ɢ
ɨɫɬ
í ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ
C
HCO
3
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɪɇ;
ɢɫɯ
ɋ
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ;
ɋɈ
2
ɢɫɯ
ɋ
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ 3HCO ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ;
ɇɋɈ
3
ɢɫɯ
ɀ
– ɨɛɳɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɨ
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɞɵ ɢ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ Al
ɂɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɞɵ Na
(SO4)3 ɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ FeSO4.
2
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
2CO3
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ 0,4 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
4.4. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ:
– ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ;
– ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟ
ɦɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 40 ɞɨ 50 %.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɲɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ
ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.3 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫ ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ
ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨ-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟ-
7.
-
46
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4.3. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ:
1 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ; 2 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ);
3 – ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 4 – ɧɚɫɨɫ; 5 – ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪ
(ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ);
ɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
9 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 10 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ 1 ɦ
ɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ (ɥ/(ɦ
ɫɬɶɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɚɧɬɪɚɰɢɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 10–12 ɥ/(ɦ
ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 6 ɞɨ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ, ɛɟɪɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɬɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɨɬɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ
ɥɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20 ɥ/(ɦ
2
Âɫ).
6 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; 7 – ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
8 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
2
2
Âɫ)). ȿɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨ-
2
Âɫ). ȿɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɟ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɢɡ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ 3 ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ
7. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ6 ɫɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚ-
47
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɥɹ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨ-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɚ ɟɟ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨ-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10 ɦ/ɱ ɞɥɹ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɟ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɢ 5 ɦ/ɱ ɞɥɹ ɫɯɟɦ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɟɟ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
ȼ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ
ɫɬɢɪɨɥɚ ɢ ɞɢɜɢɧɢɥɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 100 ɦ/ɱ. ɇɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɟɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɵɥ ɧɚ 200 ɦɦ
ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɵɝɪɭɡɤɭ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 200 ɦɦ. ɂ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɠɚɹ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɪɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɟ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɱɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɨɬ 60 ɞɨ 80 ɦ/ɱ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ.
2.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ.
3.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɵ.
4.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫ-
5.
ɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
6.
ȼɢɞɵ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
7.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɜɨɞɟ.
8.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ.
48
9. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨ-
ɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
10.
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ
11.
ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨ-
12.
ɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
13.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢ-
14.
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
15.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ (ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɨɞɵ ɢ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ) ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢ-
16.
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ.
17.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟ-
ɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
18.
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
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5. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɉɈɅɈɀȿɇɂə ɌȿɈɊɂɂ ɂɈɇɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɆȿɇȺ
5.1. Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɢɬɚɦɢ. ɂɨɧɢɬɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ.
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ (ɟɝɨ
ɬɜɟɪɞɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ).
ɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɗɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɨɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ. ɉɨ
ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɡ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɨɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ. ɇɚ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɨɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ.
ɢɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɯ
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶ-
ɢɨɧɨɜ
ɂɨɧɢɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5.1).
ɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ:
ɚ – ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ; ɛ – ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬ; 1 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ; 2 – ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɨɧɵ;
3 – ɢɨɧɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
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ɛ
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