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Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
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ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 12 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ
ɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ
ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ
ɢɨɧɢɬɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ:
– ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ;
– ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚ-
ɬɚɯ ɢɯ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ:
– ɩɪɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɭɸ
ɫɨɥɶ (ɯɥɨɪɢɞ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ) NaCl;
– ɩɪɢ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ – ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ NH
– ɩɪɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ – ɫɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ H
2SO4
Cl;
3
, ɚɡɨɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ HNO3;
– ɩɪɢ Ɉɇ-ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ – ɳɟɥɨɱɶ ɟɞɤɢɣ ɧɚɬɪ (ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ) NaOH.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ɉɪɹɦɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
61
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɭɱɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ. Ɉɛɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɢ
ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɟ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɟ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
(ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɦ), ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ-
ɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɢɨɧɚ
C
M
(
) (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.1).
C
0
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.1. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɚ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɦ, ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ
ɂɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ t
ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ij
, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ
1
.
ɩɪɨɫɤ
62
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ.
6.2. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
ɂɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨ-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.2).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ:
1 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 2 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;
ɢɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
5 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ;
6 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɇɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
– ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɢɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ;
– ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ;
– ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ-
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ Na+-ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɥɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬ
ɚɥɚ,
ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɚɯ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɟɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ 26%-ɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ Ɉɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ,
ɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ (ɟɞɤɢɣ
3 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ; 4 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ
63
ɧɚɬɪ) NaOH ɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɵɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɚɯ. ɂɡ
ɷɬɢɯ ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɤɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɇ-
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.3.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.3. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
1 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 2 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ;
3 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ; 4 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ;
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ;
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨ-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
6 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
7 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 8 – ɥɢɧɢɹ
5 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ
9–11 – ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ,
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ. Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɢɬ
ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
64
ȼɵɜɨɞ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨ-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ. ȼɨɞɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ-ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ
6.4. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɜɨɞɭ,
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.4. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ-ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
1 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 2 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɚ;
3 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ; 4 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
6.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ȼɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
65
ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ
ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ
ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɷɬɚɩ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ: ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ.
ɉɪɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɟɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
– ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɛɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭ, ɚ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɛɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɜ
ɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. Ȼɥɨɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
Ȼɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɛɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ. ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢ-
Ⱦɥɹ
ɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.5.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
Na
– ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ; Ⱦɪ – ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ
1
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɢɧɢɬ,
66
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ Na-ɮɨɪɦɟ. ȼ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ: ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ,
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɀɟɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱ-
2
ɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,03 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ
ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ H-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ «ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ» ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.6.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.6. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ «ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ» ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ:
ɇ
– ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ «ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ» ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ;
ɝ
– ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ; Ⱦ – ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ɇ
ɛ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ 0,7 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ. Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɜ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɨɬ
ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫ «ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ» ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɇ
ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ-
ɝ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ ɇ
ɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɇ
. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɛ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɇ
ɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ
ɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ.
ɞɥɹ «ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ» ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ-
ɝ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɡɚ-
ɝ
. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟ-
2
67
ɍɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɟɣ (Ɍɗɐ), ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.7.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.7. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
, Na2 – ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
Na
1
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɞɨ 50–70 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ). ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ 3–5 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ Na-ɮɨɪɦɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.8, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Na
ɩɪɢ ɜɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ
ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Na
ɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɮɟɪ-
, ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
1
, ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
2
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ.
1
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.8. ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
ɇ – ɧɚɫɨɫ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ «ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ» ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.9.
68
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɞɨ 5 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.9. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ «ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ» ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ
ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɯ 6.10 ɢ 6.11.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.10. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɇ ɢ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ:
, Na1 – ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɇ
1
– ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Na
2
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.11. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɇ ɢ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ:
, Na1 – ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɇ
1
– ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Na
2
ȼ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɇ- ɢ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.10) ɩɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɇ
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ȼ H
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɜ H
-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɜ Na1-
1
-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɢ Na1-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-
1
-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ-
1
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. ȼɨɞɚ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ
-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ Na1-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
H
1
ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Na
69
-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ).
2
ɉɪɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɢ H- ɢ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.11) ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɡ H
-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ
1
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. ȼ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ
ɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Na
. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚ-
2
1-
ɢ Na2-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ), ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0,01 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ, ɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0,7 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ.
ɇɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ Ɉɇ-ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.12, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.12. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ:
, ɇ2 – ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ;
ɇ
1
Ⱥ
– ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
1
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.12, ɚ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ (Ʉɍ) ɢɥɢ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ (ɄȻ) ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɵ, ɚ ɜ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ – ɫɥɚɛɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɣ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬ (Ⱥɇ), ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ Ɉɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.12, ɛ) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɣ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.12, ɜ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɟ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ.
70
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɭɧɢ-
HCO-ɮɨɪɦɟ.
3
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