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Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
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ȼ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɣ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
Ɉɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ. ȼ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ
.
2
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɫɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 5 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.13.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.13. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɦɭ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɦɭ Ɉɇ-ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɇ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ Ca
2+
ɧɢɹ Mg
ɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɇ
ɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Ɉɇ
ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬ, ɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Ɉɇ
ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na+. ɇɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na+ ɡɚɞɟɪ-
). ȼ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɟɪ-
2
) ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɣ
1
) – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɣ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬ.
2
2+
, ɦɚɝ-
1
Ɉɛɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ɉɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
2
) ɜɨɞɚ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (
(Ɉɇ
1
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɇ
) ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɚ
(Ɉɇ
1
ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɇ
ɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Ɉɇ
. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ
2
), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ
2
, ɇ2) ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
1
, ɇ2, Ɉɇ1 ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟ-
1
ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɥɨɬɵ HCO
–
.
3
SO
, Cl–). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ
4
–
HSiO
ɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫ-
ଷ
)
71
6.4. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɬɭɪ-
ɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɚ
ɜ Ɉɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɢɬɵ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ NaCl ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ
ɜ ɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɇ
(ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɨɦ) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ Na (ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ). ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɋ
ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ (ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɚ-
ɇ
ɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ Na ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ
ɚɧɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɚ
ɜ Ɉɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɇ-ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɡɟɪɧɚɦɢ Ɉɇ-ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɚ, ɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɨ
ɯɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɟɪɧɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɢɨɧ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɢɨɧɨɦ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ OH, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɢɡ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɇ
Ɉ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɤ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ,
2
ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɇ–Ɉɇ-ɮɨɪɦɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɎɋȾ), ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ
(ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɟɧɧɭɸ) ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɦɢ.
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɩɪɨɤɚɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ
ɨɬɧɨ-
72
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ.
ɂɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ
ɜ ɇ–Ɉɇ-ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ
(«ɫɜɟɪɯɱɢɫɬɨɣ») ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ
ɫɥɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ 1–1,2 ɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨ 50–100 ɦ/ɱ.
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɎɋȾ) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ (ɜɵɧɨɫɧɨɣ) ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɛɟɫɤɪɟɦɧɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ
(ɪɚɫɯɨɞ – 300–600 ɦ
3
/ɱ). Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚ-
ɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɥɨɱɧɵɯ
ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ (ȻɈɍ). Ɉɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ.
Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ:
– ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɭ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ;
– ɢɨɧɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ;
– ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ:
1.
ȼɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ: ɧɢɠɧɢɣ – ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ – ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɨɜɵɣ.
ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ:
2.
– ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ 4 % ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
V = 4 ɦ/ɱ;
– ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ 1,5–2 %
ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ V = 10 ɦ/ɱ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-
3.
ɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ V = 8–10 ɦ/ɱ.
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ
73
ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɢɯ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ-ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ «ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɟ». ɑɚɫɬɢɰɵ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ-ɥɨɜɭɲɤɭ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɟɬɤɟ), ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɟ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɥɨɜɭɲɤɚ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɟɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɫɨ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɭɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ.
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ ɜ Na-ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɚɧɢɚɧɢɬ ɜ Cl-ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɗɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. ɂɨɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬ-
2.
ɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬ-
3.
ɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɦɨɧɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ
4.
ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬ-
5.
ɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
6.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
7.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬ-
8.
ɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
9.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɢɨɧɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
10.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜ) ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
11.
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ.
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12. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣ-
13.
ɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
14.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
15.
ɋɯɟɦɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ
ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
16.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.
17.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ «ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ» ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ.
18.
ɍɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭ-
ɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
19.
ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
20.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
ɋɯɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɇ- ɢ Na-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
21.
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ
ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
22.
ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ Ɉɇ-ɚɧɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ
23.
ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ
ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɬ-
24.
ɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɨ-
25.
ɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ
26.
ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨ-
27.
ɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
75
7. ɈɑɂɋɌɄȺ ȼɈȾɕ ɈɌ ɄɈɊɊɈɁɂɈɇɇɈ-ȺɄɌɂȼɇɕɏ ȽȺɁɈȼ
7.1. Ⱦɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɞɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɝɚɡɵ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ (ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɇ
ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ (ɚɦɦɢɚɤ NH
, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ Ɉ2, ɦɟɬɚɧ ɋɇ4) ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ
2
, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɋɈ2, ɯɥɨɪ Cl2). ɗɬɢ
3
ɝɚɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (Ɉ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ H
S) ɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ.
2
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ – ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ, – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɤɨɬɥɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ
ɬɟɥɨɦ: ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
ɩɚɪɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ɍɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɢ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ
ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚɦɦɢɚɤ NH
ɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱦɢɨɤɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɵ SO
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢ-
3
ɢ ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ H2SO3 ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
2
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ – ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ Ƚɟɧɪɢ – Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ
ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
76
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ.
, ɋɈ2, NH3, Cl2, ɫɟɪɨ-
2
ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:
d
d
ɋɝ = ɄɝɊɝ = Ʉɝ (Ɋ
ɨɛɳ
– P
), (7.1)
H2O
ɝɞɟ ɋɝ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɚ, ɦɨɥɶ/ɤɝ;
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ (ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ Ƚɟɧɪɢ);
Ʉ
ɝ
– ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ;
Ɋ
ɝ
Ɋ
– ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ;
ɨɛɳ
P
– ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
H2O
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɟɧɢɹ (7.1), ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ
ˑ˄˜
– P
, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪ-
H2O
P
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɢɡ
ɜɨɞɵ ɝɚɡ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ,
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɜɧɨ
ɧɭɥɸ.
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɝɞɟ
dɋ
ɝ
, (7.2)
IJ
dC
ɝ
í ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ;
IJ
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ;
ɋ
ɝ
ɪ
ɋ
– ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ;
ɝ
ɪ
ɋɋ kf
ɝɝ
k – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
f – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɪ
ɝɚɡɚ
ɋ 0 , ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɛɥɢɡ-
ɝ
ɤɢɦ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ k ɢ f ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɚ.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɚɡɚ.
ɇɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮ-
77
ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ,
ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɇ-ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ,
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ ɢɯ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɬɟɪɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɹ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ:
– ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ 0,0075–0,05 Ɇɉɚ;
– ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ 0,12 Ɇɉɚ;
– ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ 0,6–1,2 Ɇɉɚ.
ɉɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ
ɧɵɟ
, ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠɧɵɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧ-
ɩɚɪɚ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ: ɫɬɪɭɣ-
ɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ: ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨ-ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠɧɵɟ, ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨ-ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠɧɵɟ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ ɢ
ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɜɨɞɵ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 40 ɞɨ 70 °ɋ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ).
Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 7.1.
78
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 7.1. Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ:
1 – ɛɚɤ (ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪ); 2 – ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɛɚɤɚ; 3 – ɜɨɞɨɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫɬɟɤɥɨ; 4 – ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪ; 5, 6 ɢ 12 – ɬɚɪɟɥɤɢ; 7 – ɫɩɭɫɤ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɵɣ ɛɚɤ;
8 – ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
9 – ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ; 10, 11 – ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ; 15 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɪɚ
ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ
ɜ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ; 17 – ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ; 18 – ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɥɢɲɧɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ
; 13 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚ; 14 – ɩɚɪɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ; 16 – ɜɩɭɫɤ ɜɨɞɵ
ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ
Ⱦɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɚɤɚ 1 ɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ 13, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɪɹɞ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɚɪɟɥɨɤ 5, 6 ɢ 12. ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ) ɨɬ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɭ 12; ɩɨ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ 8 ɧɚ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɭ 12 ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; ɫ
ɬɚɪɟɥɤɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɣɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɚɪɟɥɨɤ 5 ɢ 6 ɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ. ɉɚɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɟ 15 ɢ ɩɚɪɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ 14 ɫɧɢɡɭ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ
ɡɚɜɟɫɭ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɭ, ɢ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜɨ
ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɧɚɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɹ ɟɟ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɧ-
79
ɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ 11, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ
ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ
ɫɛɨɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɤ
9. Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
1, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ. ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ
ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ
17 ɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨ-
ɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜɡɪɵɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɦɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ. Ⱦɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ
3 ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɤɪɚɧɚɦɢ – ɩɚ-
ɪɨɜɵɦ, ɜɨɞɹɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɵɦ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɛɚɤɟ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 7 ɦ ɧɚɞ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɬɟɪ-
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢ
ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠɟ
ɩɚɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɞɟɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ
ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɯ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɞɟɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ. Ⱦɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 300–400 ɦɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ. ȼ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5–7 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 8 % ɨɬ
ȼ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɟ
ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫ ɬɚɪɟɥɨɤ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ
ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɬɚɪɟɥɤɢ.
ɩɥɟɧɨɤ.
ȼ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɛɚɤɟ. ɉɪɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 30–35 % ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɢ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ (ɜɵɩɚɪɚ). ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ 1 °ɋ ɞɨ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15 °ɋ.
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