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Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
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ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɗɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɜɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɨɤɚɦɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ, ɫɨɥɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
) ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɢ ɮɚɭɧɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɸ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ (H) ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ (OH) ɢɨɧɨɜ.
1.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ
ȼɫɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-
ɳɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ.
1. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ:
– ɩɪɟɫɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɝ/ɤɝ;
– ɫɨɥɨɧɨɜɚɬɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 10 ɝ/ɤɝ;
– ɫɨɥɟɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɝ/ɤɝ.
2. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
– ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜɨɞ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «ɋ». Ʉ ɧɟɦɭ ɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ
3
HCO ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ
– ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜɨɞ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «S». ɗɬɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɪɟ-
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ;
– ɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜɨɞ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «Cl». ɗɬɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɪɟ-
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
3. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ:
– ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɨɞ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «ɋɚ». Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ;
– ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɨɞ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «Mg». Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ;
– ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɨɞ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «Na». Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ.
ȼɨɞɵ ɪɟɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨ
ɧɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «ɋ
ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ:
HCO ɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ
3
2
CO ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ;
3
ɋɚ
».
-
11
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ:
– ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 1 ɧɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ;
– ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 1–100 ɧɦ;
– ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ 100 ɧɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ,
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɝɚɡɨɜ.
Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ). Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ
ɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. ɗɬɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɚɧɬɪɚɰɢɬ, ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ) ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɢɯ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ. Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ
ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (H
ɩɪɟɞ-
SiO3) ɢ ɠɟ-
2
ɥɟɡɚ (Fe), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ (ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ) ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɭɞɚɪɨɜ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɭɥɸ. ɉɪɢ
ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɟɦ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ
ɦɚɫɫɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ.
Ʉ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɢ ɮɚɭɧɵ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɟ-
12
ɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɦɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡ-
–
–
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɤɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɵ Ⱥɧɢɨɧɵ
HCO ,
ȱ Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
ȱȱ
NH , Fe2+, Mn2+
4
ȱȱȱ Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Al3+
HSiO , –F,
HS , –Y,
Cl ,
3
NO ,
3
NO ,
2
2
SO
4
CO
3
POH
3
ɜɨɞ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ,
ɦɝ/ɤɝ
ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ
ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɬɵɫɹɱ
ɨɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ
2
ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɞɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ
ɞɟɫɹɬɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ
42
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɚɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ.
Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ
ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ HCO
–
ɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ CO
3
–
ɚɧɢɨ-
3
ɧɚɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɤɢɩɧɵɯ
ɨɬ-
ɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɯɟɦɭ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ.
Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɭɸ Fe
ɥɟɧɬɧɭɸ Fe
3+
ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ Fe(HCO
ɪɨɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ Ɉ
ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ Fe(OH)
2
:
3
223
8COOH4FeO2HO8HCO4Fe o
3
2+
ɢ ɬɪɟɯɜɚ-
, ɤɨɬɨ-
3)2
, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ
2
. (1.2)
2
13
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ
ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ HCO
ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
–
ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-
3
ɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɋɈ
ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɯɥɨɪɚ Cl–. Ⱥɧɢɨɧɵ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ
2
ɫ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ.
Ⱥɧɢɨɧɵ SO
2–
, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ
4
ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚ
Ⱥɧɢɨɧ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ HSiO
ɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɬɚɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ H
H
SiO4 (SiO2Â2H2O) ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧ-
2
2+
.
–
ɩɪɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
3
SiO3 (SiO2ÂH2O), ɨɪɬɨɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ
2
ɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɬɚɥɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ɂɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɛɨɥɨɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
– ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ;
– ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ;
– ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɚɬɨɜ. Ƚɭɦɚɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɤɭɫɨɜ.
14
1.3. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ
ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɢɬɶɟɜɵɯ
ɧɭɠɞ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ
ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
– ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ (ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ) ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ;
– ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɦɭɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ
– ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ (ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ) ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-
ɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ȼɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ 1 ɥɢɬɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ (ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɤɚɮ ɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 110 °ɋ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ (ɦɝ/ɤɝ).
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ: ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɲɪɢɮɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɪɟɫɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ 30 ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɇɚ
ɞɧɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɣ ɲɪɢɮɬ. ɇɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɥɢɧɢɹ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ
ɫɬɨɥɛɚ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɚɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɲɪɢɮɬɭ. ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɤɪɟɫɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ 35,0 ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3,0 ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɚ. ɇɚ ɞɧɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɤɥɚɞɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɟɫɬ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ 1 ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɭɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɇɭɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɛɭ
ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɨɦ ɦɭɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɭɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚɯ ɦɭɬ-
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ
;
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɦɢɥɥɢɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ
15
ɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɚɥɨɧ ɦɭɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɚ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɭ ɦɭɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɞɭɫ ɦɭɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɜɨɞɵ. ɂɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɝ/ɤɝ ɢɥɢ ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ.
ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ:
CC C
20,04 12,16 23,0 39,16 61,02 35,46 48,03 62,01
C
2
Ca Na Cl
2
Mg
(1.4)
CC
¦¦
C
K
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɤɬ aɧ
ɢɥɢ
CC
(1.3)
HCO NO
33
C
2
SO
4
,
ɝɞɟ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 1 % ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ (1.4)
ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ
HSiO ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɥɟ-
3
ɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «ɪɇ».
Ɉɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɪɟɞɚ.
+
Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ OH– ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ
HO H OH
2
R . (1.5)
ɂɨɧɵ H+ ɢ OH– ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ
HCl H Cl
R ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ NaOH Na OH
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɋ fCf /C K
ɢɥɢ a a KC K
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ
ɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ:
K
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠ-
HO
2
aa K.
HOH
R .
½
+
ɇ HOHOH
+
HOH
(1.7)
HO HO
22
Z
HO
2
°
. (1.6)
¾
°
¿
16
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 22 °ɋ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ-
+
ɰɢɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
ɧɵɟ
7
10 ɦɨɥɶ/ɤɝ (ɝ-ɢɨɧ/ɤɝ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ
+
(C
) ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ OH– (C
H
7
C10C
!!
HOH
, ɚ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ
7
C10C
HOH
-
) ɪɚɜ-
OH
.
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɇ ɢ ɪɈɇ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɢɨɧɚ. ȼ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ pH 7 pOH . Ʉɢɫɥɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ – pH 7 pOH ,
ɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ pH 7 pOH!! .
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɇ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
+
ɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ OH–. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨ-
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 6–8.
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
3
ɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ 1 ɫɦ
(1 ɦ3) ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ 1 ɫɦ (1 ɦ).
Ɉɧɚ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ (ɫɨɥɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ) (
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɦ/ɫɦ (ɋɦ/ɦ)) ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ.
1.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
– ɫɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ;
– ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ;
– ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ;
– ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
Ɉɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɹ 1 ɥ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɭɲɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-
17
ɪɟ 110 °ɋ ɞɨ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ (ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ). ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ
ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
2HCO CO CO H O
3322
2
R (1.8)
ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɋɈ2. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ-ɢɨɧɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ, ɝɪɭɛɨ ɨɰɟ-
ɧɨɱɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 800 °ɋ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ.
ɉɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɧɟɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɤɚɮ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 110 °ɋ
ɞɨ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ɉɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɂɦɟɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
ɓɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ:
– ɨɛɳɚɹ;
– ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ;
– ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ;
– ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɚɹ;
– ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɚɹ;
– ɝɢɞɪɚɬɧɚɹ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɓ
ɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (OH ,
2
SiO) ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.
3
) ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨ-
ɨ
ɓ CC C.
ɨɚɧ
ɫɥ.ɤ
¦ (1.9)
OH H
HCO ,
2
CO ,
3
3
PO ,
3
4
HSiO ,
3
18
Ȼɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɓ
ɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
ɰɢɟɣ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ (
HCO. Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɓɤ) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ
3
2
CO. ɋɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɓɫ) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ-
3
HSiO,
ɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ OH
ɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ (
ɓɓɓɓɓɓ . (1.10)
ɨɛɤɫɮɝ
) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ-
ɛ
2
SiO). Ƚɢɞɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɓɝ) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜ-
3
3
–
. Ɏɨɫɮɚɬɧɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɓɮ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜ-
2
HPO,
24
HPO,
4
3
PO).
4
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ 3HCO ɩɪɟɜɵ-
ɲɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɬɢɬɪɭɹ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ (ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ
ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ, ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧ).
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ: ɨɛɳɚɹ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢ-
ɟɜɚɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɚɹ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ, ɧɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ (ɀ
) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚ-
ɨ
ɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ Mg. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ Mg ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɭɸ (ɀ
ɤɨɫɬɶ (ɀ
) ɜɨɞɵ.
Mg
) ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɭɸ ɠɟɫɬ-
Ca
ɀɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ (
ɤɨɫɬɶɸ
(ɀɤ). ɇɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ (ɀɧɤ) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ, ɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɵɯ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ (
MgCl , 4CaSO , 3MgSiO ).
2
Ca(HCO ) ɢ 32Mg(HCO ) ), ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɠɟɫɬ-
32
CaCl ,
2
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-
ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɦ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɤɢɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ:
ɀ 1, 5 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ – ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɚɹ;
ɨ
1,5–3,0 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ – ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ;
ɀ
ɨ
ɀ 3,0–6,0 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ – ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ;
ɨ
19
6,0–12,0 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ – ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ;
ɀ
ɨ
ɀ 12! ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/ɤɝ – ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ;
ɨ
Ɉɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ: ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (O
ɤɚɥɢɹ (
KMnO ) ɢɥɢ ɛɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ (
4
KCrO), ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟ-
227
), ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɚ
2
ɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ, ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɛɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɧɭɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɜ 1 ɥɢɬɪɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ, ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɛɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 2,5
ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ
Ɉɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 1–3 ɦɝ O
ɧɚ 1 ɥɢɬɪ. Ɉɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10–12 ɦɝ O
ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɨɞɵ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ 30 ɦɝ O
ɜɨɞɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
ɧɚ 1 ɥɢɬɪ
2
ɧɚ 1 ɥɢɬɪ
2
2
ɜɨɞɵ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɇ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
1.5. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ
ɇɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɜɢɪɭɫɵ, ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ. Ɉɧɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ:
ɞɢɡɟɧɬɟɪɢɹ, ɯɨɥɟɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɬɢɮ ɢ ɞɪ.
20
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