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Файл:Основы водоподготовки в теплоэнергетике. Учебное пособие
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ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ
ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɟɪɟɧ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 0,5 ɦɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ. Ɋɟ-
ɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 2 ɦ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɨɜɨɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɫɪɵɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɫɥɨɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ
ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ 0,06 ɦɦ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ
ɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
ɚɞɝɟɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱥ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
2.5. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɥɨɟɦ
ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ
ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
31
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ. Ɂɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ. ȿɝɨ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɦ.
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ
ɧɚɦɵɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.3).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.3. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ:
1 – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ; 2 – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ; 3 – ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɥɨɟ
ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɩɟɪɥɢɬ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɉɟɪɥɢɬ – ɷɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɵ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɧɚɦɵɜ
ɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 0,015 ɞɨ 0,06 ɦɦ.
ɍɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ
(ɩ. 3, ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.3). ɗɬɨɬ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɦɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
-
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɩ. 2 ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.3), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ. ɇɚɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɦɤɝ/ɤɝ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɤɚɯ ɢ ɟɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
2.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɚɯ.
3.
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ.
4.
Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ.
5.
ȼɢɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ.
6.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟ-
ɳɟɫɬɜ) ɫɥɨɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
7.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸ-
ɳɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ.
8.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
9.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ («ɫɜɨɞɢ-
ɤɨɜ») ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ.
10.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ: «ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭ-
ɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ» ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ «ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ».
11.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ» ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
12.
ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ
ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
13.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ
14.
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
15.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ
ɧɚɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ.
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3. ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɄɈȺȽɍɅəɐɂɂ
ɄɈɅɅɈɂȾɇɈ-ȾɂɋɉȿɊɋɇɕɏ ɉɊɂɆȿɋȿɃ ȼɈȾɕ
3.1. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ. Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ.
Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɥɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɦ.
Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ:
ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɶ. Ƚɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɶ (ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɗɬɨ ɢɥɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɭɞɟɥɶ-
ɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
ɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɤ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ. Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ G, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ.
Ƚɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ V . ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡ, ɬɟɦ
ɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ G ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ V ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ S. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ, ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɸ,
ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
34
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɢɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɵɯ
S. ɉɨɞ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚ-
ɭɞ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɫɬɚɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɮɚɡɵ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. Ⱦɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
3.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
ȼ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (Ⱦɗɋ) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
– ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ;
– ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ;
– ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɮɚɡ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɬɪɟɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ) ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ.
Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɞɨ ɧɭɥɹ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.1), ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ (ɫɥɨɟɦ Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰɚ). Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ į. ɂɨɧɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ. Ʉ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɸ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɟɬ
ɫɥɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ Ȝ.
Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ ɨɬ
35
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɥɨɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɨɬ ijɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ijɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ijɛ.
ȼ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɨɧ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ į ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (ɬɨɱɤɚ ij
). Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ Ȝ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ, ɧɚ
ɛ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2,718 ɪɚɡɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɟ ɪɚɡ (e – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɚ).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.1. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɂɨɧɵ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɥɶɰɦɚɧɚ:
CCe,
xi oi
ɝɞɟ C ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɚ;
i, z – ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ;
W
= z ā F ā ijx – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ 1 ɦɨɥɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɡ
x
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɯ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ;
F – ɱɢɫɥɨ Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɹ;
– ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɯ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬ ijɛ ɞɨ ijx (ɩɪɢ x G,
ij
x
= ijɛ ɢ ɩɪɢ x = , ijx = 0);
ij
x
Ɍ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
R – ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ.
W
x
RT
(3.1)
36
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (3.1) ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ȡ
`
`
`
`
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ:
ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ:
FZC ZC ;
U (3.2)
x
xx
ɞɥɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ:
M
ZF
§·
U
FZCexp .
¦
xi
oi
xx
¨¸
RT
©¹
(3.3)
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (3.1) ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɜɨɣ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
2
ɝɞɟ
wM M
wH
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ.
H
a
FZF
2
xRT
ZC exp ,
¦
ioi
a
§·
xx
¨¸
©¹
(3.4)
ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (3.4) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ Ȝ.
ɇɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɭ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɇ
+
ɢɥɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Ɉɇ– ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ-
ɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ) ɢ ɯɢɦɢɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ.
ȼ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɑɚɫɬɢɰɭ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɨɧɵ {OH
ɳɢɦɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɹɞɪɨ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ
nH
D (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Į ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɥɸ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ).
ɦɢɰɟɥɥɨɣ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ
SiO , ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ-
>@
^
2
m
–
}. Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸ-
SiO nOH
>@
^
2
m
. əɞɪɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɚɦɢ
SiO nOH
>@
^
2
m
Ɂɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɚ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɨɣ
SiO nOH n H H
>@
^
2
D D .
m
37
3.3. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɞɚɪɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɚ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ.
ɂ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ, ɧɟ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ).
Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɋɯɟɦɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.2.
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɥɢɩɚɧɢɸ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɥɨɤɤɭɥ
ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɭɞɚɪɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟ-
ɢɥɢ ] (ɞɡɟɬɚ) – ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
ɫ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ
38
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ (ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ) ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɜɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ (ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ). ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɪ-
ɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ
FeSO 7H O . ɋɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨ-
ɥɟɡɨ
42
ɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɞɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɭɸ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɨɞɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɢɨɧ.
ªº
Al SO 18H O
24 2
¬¼
Al H O
3
Al SO 2Al 3SO
24 4
3
2
ɢɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɟ ɠɟ-
32
o
3
Al OH A
HHCO
. (3.5)
m
n
3
. (3.6)
39
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
– ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɇ;
– ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
– ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ªº
Al OH A
¬¼
ªº
Al Al OH HCO
¬¼
3
n
.
3
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɯɥɨɩɶɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɯɥɨɩɶɹ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɯɥɨɩɶɹɦɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɨɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɵ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɮɥɨɤɭɥ (ɦɚɤɪɨɯɥɨɩɶɟɜ
) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, 0,5–3,0 ɦɦ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɯɥɨɩɶɟɜ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
2.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
3.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫ-
4.
ɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ.
5.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶ-
6.
ɰɟɦ, ɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
7.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
8.
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ
9.
ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ (ɫɪɟɞɟ) ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
10.
ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
11.
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫ-
12.
ɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
13.
ɜ ɜɨɞɭ.
;
40
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